nucoata. 
hi ilia, 
taianilava. 
cinyras. 
294 LEMONIINAE. By Dr. C. Aurivillius. 
L. ancoata Smith is very much like the preceding species and deviates only by the spot in the area 
I b of the forewing being absent and by the middle spots on the forewings above being smaller, more indistinct 
and somewhat more yellowish; the hindwings are above almost unicolorous; beneath as in labdaca. Madagascar, 
on the north western coast. 
L. laius is scarcely more than the southern and eastern representative of labdaca and deviates only 
by the yellow or reddish-yellow colour of the spots above and the absence of the spot in 1 b on the forewing. 
laius Trim. (61 a). The longitudinal streak in the discocellular of the forewing is narrow and usually separated 
from the spot in the apex of the cell; the other spots are small and the discal spots in 2 and 3 of the forewing 
smaller than their distance from the margin. Angola to Natal and German East Africa. — tsiandava Smith 
has a longitudinal streak being coherent as far as the apex, in the discocellular of the forewing and much larger 
yellow spots; the discal spots in 2 and. 3 of the forewing are more than twice as long as the dark marginal parts 
of their areas. North West coast of Madagascar. — This species belongs to those African day-butterflies that 
sometimes increase to great numbers and make great peregrinations. Professor Vosseler makes the following 
statement about such a migration near Amani in German East Africa: ,,0n May 11th 1904, in the morning 
at about 8 o’clock, single specimens of this species were restlessly flying between the office-buildings of the 
biological-agricultural Institute of Amani. The mode of flying and their other behaviour immediately showed 
1 hem not to be amorous and honey seeking insects in quest of blossoms, but to be induced by some instinct 
and making for a particular goal. From 9 a. m. their numbers increased more and more. They proceeded from 
the brushwood of the virgin forest in the hollow of a ravine-like dell beginning directly at Amani, about 
300 m south of the edifices, followed the bottom of the valley in a fluttering manner to the height, flew beyond 
it and vanished in the bushes of the valley of the Dodwe brook. The whole swarm passed between the 
laboratory and the office. They did not stop at blossoms, but a few of them alighted for a short rest on the 
masonry of the houses or on the ground, but were uncommonly shy and flighty. The direction of the flight 
was almost precisely from south to north and was steadily persevered in, even though the animals were diverted 
by the net. As if hunted down by some foes, the butterflies dashed out of the bushes, hurrying in hot haste 
along the path selected, continuously gliding sharply above the ground in an irregular zigzag flight, for which 
reason they were difficult to catch; very rarely some of the creatures rose 1—3 m high into the air only to 
sink swiftly down again. Towards noon the augmentation gradually decreased. On the day following there 
appeared yet a few stragglers. During the whole time of this strange occurrence there blew a gentle north-west 
wind in an oblique direction of the flight of the butterflies. How many thousands were migrating during the 
time of observation cannot even be approximately computed, for the animals, unlike other butterflies, did 
not fly high in the air in swarms, but were always threading their way between the plants of the experimental 
grounds, and owing to their dark tints contrasted but little from the soil. 
L. cinyras Trim. (61 a) deviates from the other species by the absence of longitudinal streak in the 
discocellular of the forewing, and by the subapical spots of the fore wing being yellow instead of white and 
touching each other, thus forming a narrow subapical band; the spots of the hindwings are large and recldish- 
yellow. It formerly occurred in Mauritius, but now it seems to be quite extinct ; only one single specimen of 
it is still preserved. 
B. Subfamily: Lemoniinae. 
This division forms an intermediary between the Nymphalids and Lycaenids, the forelegs of the 
being stunted like in the Nymphalids, whilst those of the $$ are fully developed like in the Lycaenids. From 
the Libytlieids they deviate by the palpi being always short and bent up. 
The Lemoniinae almost exclusively belong to the tropics. In Europe only a single species occurs, the 
well-known N emeobius lucina. and in the nearctic region they chiefly occur only in the southernmost districts. 
Also in Africa and South Asia the Lemoniids are only represented by comparatively few forms. South America, 
however, has numerous genera and species. In the Ethiopian region only one of the subfamilies is represented. 
The hindwings of the African species are without the chitinized incrassation at the base of the costal 
margin, which is peculiar of most of the American genera. The veins 6 and 7 of the hindwing are petioled. In 
the African species the forewings have 12 veins, of which 7, 8 and 9 are petioled, whilst 10 and 11 rise separately 
from the costal margin of the discocellular. In dealing with the Lemoniids they were therefore separated 
as a special family, as the Subfamily Nemeobiinae. The stages of development of the Ethiopian species are 
unknown. 
Revie w o f t he Gener a. 
A. Hindwing at- vein 1 b with an angularly prominent anal angle and tailed at veins 2 and 3. Footstalk of 
veins 6 and 7 of the hindwing very long, much longer than vein 6. Vein 8 of the hindwing is at the rise 
of the precostal vein but little distant from the discocellular. Eyes hairy. 1. Saribia. 
