PARNASSIUS. By Ghr. Bollow. 
29 
scaling. Submarginal band extends to media 3, subcostal spot is faint, but nevertheless distinct. Middle cell spot 
small but clear. Subcostal spot and hindmarginal spot usually only occur exceptionally, matuta stands between 
dinianus and cassiensis. — From the Alpes Maritimes there is a further race viz: parmenides Fruhst. this is a parmenides. 
small and melanic local form, closely allied to dinianus. The has the cell spots of the discal cell black and the 
median ocelli of the hindwings are more magnificent than in of dinianus. The white submarginal spots are 
absent. The fore wings of the $$ are throughout nearly always glossy, only the top cell area and the median 
area of the forewings dusted in addition with whitish grey. The subcostal spot is hyaline and curved and 
much more striking than in dinianus and even than in nebrodensis Trti. The hindwings are richer in black than 
dinianus with isolated, circumcellular maculae which unite as in athene. — Digne in the Basses-Alps is the 
home of dinianus Fruhst. Both and $ differ from athene and nebrodensis Trti. through the narrower, shorter dinianus. 
and less hyaline transparent margin of forewings and much larger whitish lunulae in the $9- 'Subcostal 
spot is mostly absent, when it is present it is square and small and in the <3$ it is quite absent. The black 
marking of hindwings is strongly reduced, in the cell end spot missing or scarcely discernibly 
indicated. Anal spots are missing, the black marking of hindmargin und the basal region is weak. The 
var. parvimacula Rothsch. cannot be separated from dinianus Fruhst. and can be deemed identical. — The subsp. 
pyrenaica Trti. (= pyrenaica Vrty., pyrenaicus Fruhst., vernetanus Fruhst., vernetensis Rothsch., turatii Fruhst., pyrenaica. 
pyrenaiana Bryk) flies as the name indicates in the High Pyrenees. The white ground colour has a somewhat 
earthy tone, particularly noticeable in the The submarginal band joins with the transparent margin and is 
particularly dark towards the edge of the wing, it stretches pronouncedly to the middle of the wings diffusing 
towards anal angle. Crescents are not discernible. The subcostal band appears as a wide black band. Hind- 
marginal spot is clear and deep black. Hindwdngs with a submarginal band dusted with black, apparently clearly 
outlined. The veins of the $ are strikingly suffused with black and not to the same degree in the Thorax 
and abdomen have yellowish hairs, which are almost ochre yellow in the $. The form described by Fruhstorfer 
as turatii and which emanates from Gedre in the High Pyrenees may be merely a local or seasonal form of turatii. 
pyrenaica : they are rather more richly decorated with black, but seem to fly in the same locality as pyrenaica. 
Althogether the $$ of pyrenaica incline to the hartmanni-iovra, nevertheless adhering to the circle of the southern 
french races by their characteristic markings. — A further group of races is formed by the northern and Russian 
races stretching into the Caucasus, characterised by exceptional size. In Denmark, in Seeland we find subsp. 
bang-haasi Bryk which is a gynaecotropic race. In the $ in the transparent margin and the rather undulating bang-haasi. 
submarginal band there is a row of crescents increasing in size towards the hindmargin. The subcostal band 
is triangular with the point reaching to media 2: the cell end spot is triangular and deep black as also is the 
roundish clear middle cell spot. The costal spot is missing in the hindwings. The narrow end cell spot appears 
to be loosely united up with the anal spot by a band of small striations of scales. The dusting of the hindmargin 
is sparse only slightly extending beyond the cell nervure to cubitalis 2. In the the united wide transparent border 
reaches to media 3, continues more narrowly then at an angle and extends beyond cubitalis 1, showing only one 
or two distinct glossy spots. The subcostal spot as in reaches to media 2 and is also pointed and triangular. The 
small almost point-like black middle cell spot in the centre of the discal cell is very striking. In the hindwings the 
cell end spot is rhomboidal and well developed, the anal spots barely indicated by a few small scales collected 
on the relative nervures. The scaling in the base of the cell and on hindmargin is stronger than in the — In 
the south of Sweden in the Province of Schonen there occurs a splendid race called argiope Fruhst. In size it exceeds argiope. 
even the span of the wings of subsp. borussianus Fruhst. The <$<$ of pure white ground colour, the transparent 
margin of the fore wings is wider than in the finnish mnemosyne and just as short as in borussianus. Forewingsasa 
rule without the hyaline subcostal spot. The hindwings completely white and just as with demaculatus without 
black markings, with the exception of the dusting on the hindmargin which barely reaches the lower median 
nervure. The $2 have a wide transparent border reaching to cubitalis 1 brightened up by lunulata towards 
the end. The costal spot is occasionally one-celled, but also stretches to media 2 as a definite hand. Cell spots 
pronounced, black, the middle cell spot rectangular elongated. In the hindwings the cell end spot is small 
and not touching or else large and then touching. The anal spot is small, the black marking of the hindmargin 
smaller than in bang-haasi scarcely penetrating into the basal area of the cell. Bryk has denominated this 
form from the Aalancl Islands as ugrofennica a superfluous name. - From the neighbourhood of Stockholm, 
in Backa, on Bjorkoe, Groddoe, Radmansoe there is a type that differs slightly and is called subsp. romarsi romani. 
Bryk. It is an androtropic form. The have a very wide transparent area stretching to media 3 tapering 
off suddenly here and continuing obliquely to cubitalis 1 and diffusing to the hind margin. The subcostal 
spot is glossy and one-celled: very rarely extending in a band to media 2. <$<$ without any subcostal spot 
on forewings are called f. benanderi Bryk cell spots medium large. The hindwings in the best case have benanderi. 
reduced markings, which can be entirely absent (ab. inversa Bryk ) the black markings of the base and hindmargin 
are less intensive or extended. The are as a rule smaller and pronouncedly androtropic. The transparent 
margin is fairly wide and stretches in a straight line to the hindmargin becoming only slightly narrower from 
cubitalis 1. Subcostal spot as in the <$. The cell spots are weaker than in the The hindwings frequently 
show no markings, other than the rather lively dusting of the hindmargin as compared with The end 
cell spot occurs, but can just as often be absent. According to Bryk mnemosyne occurs in Finland in various 
races. He describes subsp. karjala from Ladogisch Karelia, as a large light coloured race, the <$$ being 52 mm, karjala. 
