30 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
the $$ on the average 60 mm large. The $$ are of white slightly dusky colour. The transparent margin 
of the forewings is wide, slightly curved and extending beyond cubitalis 1. The submedian nervures are rather 
more heavily marked with black towards the margin. The subcostal spot is blackish and pointed reaching 
to media 1. Cell spots deep black and strongly marked. Hindmarginal spot roundish, dull black. Subcostal spot 
of hindwings also roundish, striking and dull black. The shading of the hindmargin extends round the cell uniting 
with the large cell end spot. Anal spots large and the upper one pointed upwards nearly uniting with end cell 
spot. Nervures slightly blackened at the hindmargin. The $$ have a yellow collarband and there are traces of 
yellow also in anal area of underside of the wings as well as on legs. The abdomen itself is glossy black with yellow 
in the region of the markings. This yellowish colouring occurs in most of the races and also in the type form. 
In the middle of the abdomen there is a longitudinal line of bristle like hairs. The 3<S differ through the almost 
complete absence of the subcostal spot as well as of the hindmarginal spot: the hindwings are practically bare of 
marking, neither subcostal spots, end cell spots nor anal spots and only a delicate black marking of the hindmargin 
pcrkele. is left. — From West Finland there is another form, perkele Bryk, which is thoroughly gynaecotropic. It flies 
around Aebo, Pargas and Kakskaite. It is distinguishable from karjala by the wider hyaline margin, which reaches 
down to the hindmargin and which is divided between cubitalis 1 and 2 through a wide mark corresponding 
with the ground colour. The subcostal spot is distinct, somewhat diffuse up of mediana 1. Cell spots and hind¬ 
marginal spot clear, there are often glossy, dusted patches at base and in the cell. In the hindwings 
the submarginal band more or less well developed, as also subcostal spot, a two-celled end cell spot 
converging with the black marking of the hindmai’gin extending round the cell. The point of the anal spot 
reaches almost to the end cell spot. The $3 only have the oblong end cell spot leaning on and in front of the 
discal cell as in the Karelian race, otherwise they are just the same as the butterflies from Aaland. In the 
genuina. South of Finland the race of genuina named by Bryk has its home. He considered this the type form and 
the same as was before Linne when he described his mnemosyne : this assertion is however not proven and can 
be contested. It is far removed from the form which we consider ourselves justified to consider the type form 
today. It is an androtropic race, which Espers illustrated in his Butterfly Book Volume 7, Plate 1, f. 3, of 
estonicus. which the $ is pictured. Whether this is a race that can be maintained is open to doubt. — subsp. estonicus 
Bryk from East Estland to which can also be counted the butterflies caught around St. Petersburg (Leningrad) 
is so strikingly marked on the hindwings of the 3 that a separate denomination is justified. In the transparent 
margin of forewings there are often half transparent lunules and middle cell spot is elongated as in 
karjala. The subcostal spot is nearly always absent. The end cell spot often oblong, two-celled, not attached 
to discocellular nervule, so that two small spots of ground colour appear between the relative nervules. 
In karjala this spot is always attached to disc. The anal spot between cubitalis 1 and 2 sometimes 
preserved, anal hindmarginal streak more or less distinct, sometimes suffusing into the black marking 
of hind margin. The $$ show more of the characteristics of the finnish than of the russian races. The 
hyaline band stretches out over cubitalis 2 becoming more transparent between media 3 and cubitalis 1. 
Subcostal band somewhat shorter than in karjala reaching only as far as media 2. The hindwings are peculiar 
because of a somewhat elongated narrow two-celled end cell spot, sometimes uniting in a band with anal spot. 
Subcostal spot oblique and streak-like, when not altogether absent. Only the base of cell is suffused with shading 
lorussianus. of hind margin. — From Rominton in East Prussia there is the large race of borussianus Fruhst. The 33 are very 
similar to bohemien Bryk and unusually large, even larger than the South Russian races. The transparent margin 
does not reach to cubitalis 1 and is less shaded than in demaculatus. The hyaline area with large white scaley 
patches, which can only be compared for perfection of development to the most beautiful south European forms. 
Cell spots large and deep black. Dark hindmarginal edge of hindwings relatively narrow, but stronger than in 
ugrjumovi and karjala. End cell spot scarcely ever occurs, the Intacta marking is most general. strongly 
androtropic and compare most closely with ugrjumovi. Hyaline band reaches to cubitalis 2 and shows a clear 
form of lunulata. Subcostalband reaches to media 2. Hindwings with an indistinct subcostal spot and scarcely 
perceptible end cell and anal spots nearly always “intact”. Black marking of hindmargin extends into lower 
ugrjumovi. third of base of cell. — Subsp. ugrjumovi Brylc is a rather small race from Jelabuga in the Province of Wiatka. The 
33 have a fairly wide hyaline band tapering off strongly towards the end somewhat behind cubitalis 1 practically 
without lunules, only between media 3 and cubitalis 1 a scarcely perceptible white spot. The subcostal spot 
glossy and stretches to media 1. End cell spot nearly larger than the roundish or sometimes angular middle cell 
spot which is unattached in cell. In hindwings there may be a small streak-like subcostal spot, which may 
also be absent. Cell end spot is pronounced, if one-celled then unattached: if two-celled then attached to 
discoidal nervures. The anal spots only weakly developed or quite absent. The cell powdered with black at the 
lower base and on hindmargin. On underside the yellow spots which are so characteristic of the aberration 
craspedon- maxbarteli Bryk are a constant feature. — From Saratow in South Russia we have subsp. craspedontis Fruhst. which 
bs- is larger than ugrjumovi. The 33 have a very wide hyaline band reaching to cubitalis 1, submarginal band 
breaks off suddenly without decreasing in size at media 3. Lunules are distinct. Cell spots very large, 
larger than in ugrjumovi. Hindwings devoid of markings, only hindmargin and base of cell are weakly 
shaded. Transparent band of $$ much wider reaching to cubitalis 2 and with or without scarcely 
perceptible lunules. There is a subcostal spot on hindwings and also a two-celled end cell spot and 
