34 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
but is much smaller, daintier and with less marking. Both sexes have a distinct submarginal band on the 
forewings. The hind margin of the q to the source of cubitalis 2 as well as the base of the middle cell are 
shaded with black, whilst in the $ the cliscal cell remains clear, whilst the whole hind margin up to cubitalis 2 
as well as the terminal nervure of the cell up to media 3 are blackish. The race from the Sotka and Schipka- 
bodemyerei. Passes in East Siberia are denominated bodemeyeri Bryk and they form a transition to the main form of the 
Ussuri butterflies. There are so many aberrations that it is scarcely possible to denominate the really 
characteristic features. This is especially so with the the safest feature of which is always their locality label. 
The GS are very close to koreana Vrty. ( — amurensis Vrty.) but differ at the first glance owing to the middle 
cell spot the anterior of which is only retained as a rudiment. The submarginal band is more or less well 
developed, one S even belongs to ab. marginata. The light colouring of both sexes and their size are character- 
jeholi. istic. The svibsp. jeholi 0. B.-H. connects the Siberian races with tsingtaua 0. B.-H. from Shantung, jeholi 
flies in Chili and Jehol on the eastern slopes of the Chingan Mountains at Lin-si-hien. The wings measure 
65 mm in the $3, 67 mm in the This is therefore a much larger race than any of the north Siberian races 
and it is also of lighter ground colour. The forewings of the $$ are without any marking. The middle cell 
spot lies along the upper cell nervure, the end cell spot is only faintly indicated. The hind margin of the 
hindwings is deep black. The $ has cell spots in the forewings, the marginal and submarginal bands are only 
faintly indicated. — From the neighbourhood of Tsingtau there are specimens, which owing to their size, 
tsingtaua. through their clearer white differ so much from neighbouring races that their denomination as tsingtaua 0. B.-H. 
appears justified *). The $$ have generally larger and wider cell spots than citrinarius Motsch. but on the 
other hand the submarginal band is nearly always absent or it is only faintly developed, whilst in japanese 
specimens it is regularly and rather pronouncedly marked. As an aberration we have under the typical form 
govindraei- the $ ab. govindraeides Bryk where the hind discal cell nervule is dusted with black from the discoiclal cell 
rfes. nervure to the base and also all the nervules arising from the cell are blackened at their base giving one 
the impression of stepping stones. In the hindwings in the cell there is a hair-like fine streak along the length 
nankingi. of the middle cell, which does not occur in any other Parnassius. — Closely related is subsp. nankingi 0. B.-H. 
(4 b) from the East of China, from Kiangsu on the mountain of Paoschan near Nanking. The $<§ measure 
from 56—78 mm, the $ $ from 54—73 mm. The A A have a beautiful light sulphur yellow ground colour. 
Fore wings with bold cell spots which converge like a ring and surround the nervure media 2 to cubitalis 2 
forming a small triangle, whilst the submarginal band is only very faint disappearing already between media 3 
and cubitalis 1. The hindwings are bare of marks except for a narrow black marginal band and very heavy 
and deep black marking of the hind margin which extends over the basal half of the discal cell surrounding 
same narrowly to media 2. The markings of the $$ are exceedingly variable; there are some very dark specimens 
and again lighter forms, but the hind margin of the hindwings is always deep black. Our illustration shows 
siegfriedi. the typical markings of the $$ very well. From Tai-ping-lin in Manchuria we have subsp. siegfriedi Bryk (4 b). 
The two illustrated butterflies are not quite typical but aberrative. Of all the mnemosyne this race in the q 
approaches most closely to Aporia Graetaegi L. The ground colour is nearly pure white in the $, whilst the $ 
has a slightly yellowish tone. The typical $ has an uninterrupted transparent border, there is no band of the 
ground colour intervening as occurs in European mnemosyne. Also the hindwings have a very wide transparent 
band which is faintly dusted towards the margin. There are also specimens which have a vhite spot in the 
hind margin such as hoenei Schweitzer. The hyaline margin is so narrow that one scarcely notices if, the end 
cell spot is bold but less striking than in the Ussuri race. Middle cell spot nearly always absent, also 
the submarginal band, but both of these markings can be faintly indicated. The hind margin is very deep 
niphetodis. black. As an aberration the is sometimes heavily scaled with white and is called ab. niphetodis Bryk. The 
melanophia. form figured as nigricans next to the $ siegfriedi is called melanophia Hour. (Vol. 1, p. 20). — The very small 
standfussi. subsp. standfussi Bryk has its home around Nikolajewsk at the mouth of the Amur. Both sexes are small, 
the $$ (56—60 mm) are richly marked and occur in two forms, one melahyaline and the other thickly scaled 
with light scales as the tartarus race. The middle cell spot is very narrow, the submarginal band is wide indented 
in a sharp arc. On the hindwings there is a very narrow submarginal band. The subcostal spot of the forewings 
is not visible. Palpi yellowish. The dark hyaline form has all the markings of P. mnemosyne with the exception 
of the second anal spot on the hindwings. The <$<$ all have a distinct submarginal band, which in more poorly 
marked specimens only reaches to media 3 or cubitalis 1 and a distinct white band of lunules. In specimens 
without the middle cell spot the black of the hind margin extends to cubitalis 2, in more richly marked specimens 
up to the end of the cell. The middle cell spot is interrupted in the middle. Subcostal spot is seldom present. 
On the hindwings all the veins are lined with black along their length from the distal end to midway, all 
koreana. that remains of a marginal band. — subsp. koreana Vrty. (= amurensis Vrty.). This type has nothing to do 
with the corean type and it flies on the Island of Askold and around Vladivostock, also occurrring in the middle 
and North Ussuri and at Progranitznaja on the mandchurian boundary. Verity therefore later named it 
amurensis and then used the same of koreana for the corean race. This is not permissible according to the rules 
*) “The rich series of tsingtaua in the collection of Eisner, Berlin-Dahlem varies considerably from the char¬ 
acteristics mentioned in the first diagnosis. All the specimens are rather darker, caused by the richer markings in both sexes 
and also owing to the submarginal bands being better developed than in citrinarius." 
