38 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
excellens. 
flavomacu- 
lata. 
melanconi- 
cus. 
horni. 
maryopupil- 
laia. 
decora- 
jaetensis. 
solonensis. 
mandari- 
nus. 
amgu nensis. 
casta. 
centripunc- 
ta. 
inornata. 
monopicta. 
tripicta. 
quadripicta. 
immaculata. 
flavicans. 
mongugaica 
united by a bar they are called ab. excellens Brylc. This aberration occurs most frequently in the race of graeseri 
Hour. — ab. flavomaculafa Moltrecht has all spots coloured buttercup yellow. There is no trace of red in the 
basal spot of the hindwings in the 3 ab. melanconicus Brylc. Hindwings without anal spots and the median 
ocellus black without red on the upperside, but red naturally on the underside is 3 ab. horni Brylc. A two- 
celled anal spot is decorated with a red spot in margopupillata Brylc and in ab. decora Brylc a similar two-celled 
anal spot has two red pupils. An aberration of the nervures is ab. enclerleini Brylc , it has radialis 3 -f 4-f 5 
and mediana 1 all emanating from the same origin arising from the upper corner of the discoidal cell. From 
Borochojewa in the Malchan Mountains at an altitude of 600 m, a western branch of the Apfel Mountains of 
Southwest Transbaikal O. Bang-Haas has described subsp. jaetensis. This is the westernmost representative 
of bremeri. According to the few specimens available this is a small and striking race. The $$ show on the 
forewings a wide marginal and submarginal band and the anterior subcostal spot centred with red. On the 
hindwings there is a submarginal band. The 33 are remarkable through their small very reduced cell spots on 
the forewings. The race flying in Northern Mandchuria around Buchalu, Chingan Mountains in the Province 
of Holungkiang solonensis 0. B.-H. is very close to graeseri Honr. which flies over 550 km further north. The 
subcostal spots often have red pupils, but also yellow coloured ocelli (= jlavomaculata 0 . B.-H.) occur compara¬ 
tively often. In other races yellow pupilled forms are considered great rarities. Especially characteristic is 
the strong development of the submarginal spots on all wings. The $$ have a very striking broad black toothed 
(dentcita) submarginal band on the hindwings. — s-ubsp. mandarinus Brylc described from a single 3 from the 
Hoang-yongshan Mountains near Peking at an altitude of 2500 m, which the author originally thought was 
a new species. According to Bryk it varies from bremeri through the following features. In the forewings the 
middle spot reaches to the posterior cell nervure and the middle cell spot touches the lower branch of the cell 
vein (‘‘in many hundreds of bremeri 33 that I have seen from the most widely separated localities I have 
never seen a single specimen with a similar aberration” O. Bang-Haas) the ribs on the underside are light 
yellowish. The ocelli are distinctly pupilled with white. Bryk writes further that had the antennae been 
ringed he would have ascribed the specimen to delius. The three subcostal spots are dissolved. The red pupil 
is different. The hind marginal spot is small, missing on the underside etc. Until the $ is found it is impossible 
to take a definite decision as to the species to which this insect belongs. Is it possibly the unknown 3 of 
davulus Oberth. which flies in the same locality ? At the gold mines at the liver of Amguny a tributary of the 
Amur 200 Wersts from Nikolajewsk there occurs the race of amgunemsis Shelj. The antennae are black and with 
white rings, the palpi, the hairs of the head, the underside of the thorax and abdomen as well as the legs are 
whitish. The fringes are white. The butterflies are smaller than graeseri Honr. especially the 36 which they 
are very like. r Ike contour of the wings is more rounded and less elongated, the veins only distinctly scaled 
with black at their extremities. Ground colour of the 36 is always pure white, that of the $$ mostly so. 
(Ocelli of the hindwings are always filled with red, sometimes on the surface with a distinct white pupil. There 
is an inclination in the 36 for the black markings to be reduced, especially the submarginal band. The 
marginal line in the 36 is sometimes white. Subcostal spot generally with a red pupil. On the hindwings 
of the 33 there is mostly a red basal spot, which does not occur in the $$. The are altogether richly 
decorated with red, the forewings are more extensive and have dark scaling. The hyaline margin and the 
marginal band are particularly strongly developed in the 22. The general style of the $$ reminds one strongly 
of graeseri Hour., The variability of this race is considerable and the following forms have been named: ab. 
casta Shelj. the bind marginal spot of the forewings is absent. — 3 a b. centripunda Shelj. has the middle cell 
spot of the forewings rounded off and pending in the cell. In — ab. inornata Shelj. the subcostal spots and the 
hind marginal spots of the forewings are not filled with red. If the subcostal spots have a single red spot in 
them it is 3 variety monopicta Shelj. in which often a hind marginal spot also has a red pupil. The commonest 
form of this red pupil marking of the costal spots is with two red spots which should therefore be considered 
the typical form and in the 22 there is a further red pupil to the hind marginal spot. $$ with 3 pupils of 
red in the subcostal spot and one red centre spot to the anal spot are ab. tlipicfa Shelj. —The $ ab. quadripicta 
Shelj. has 4 red pupils to the subcostal spots and the hindmarginal spot with one red pupil, more rarely 
the latter has a double red spot. When the sub-cubital and anal spots are absent from the upperside it is 
3 ab. immaculata Shelj. The red ocelli on the upperside of the hindwings have a distinct white pupil. 
$$ of an intensive buttercup yellow ground colour are called ab. flavicans Shelj. — The subsp. mongugaica 
■ Kardalcofj from the valley of the Mongugai river at Barabash in the South Ussuri region is of medium size, 
the 36 60—75 and the $$ 63—70 mm. The 36 show a distinct yellowish colouration. The discoidal spots 
are mediumsized. The subcostal spots are distinct, rather more pronounced in the 36 chiefly owing to ad¬ 
umbration. The hindmarginal spot appears strikingly in both sexes, also the submarginal band wdiich generally 
extends to cubitalis 2. The hyaline margin of the 36 is fairly wide touching cubitalis 1 and separated by 
a band of lunules which expands towards the anal region. In the $$ the hyaline margin is still wider and 
reaches almost to the hindmargin. On the hind wings the highly coloiued ocelli are of medium size, almost 
round, the subcostal being larger than the median. The base of the wings, one third of the cell at the lower base 
and the hind margin are widely and intensively coloured black. In both sexes the anal spot distinctly touches 
cubitalis 1. Only in the is a hyaline margin visible on the hindwings and here also the ends of nervures 
