Publ. 13. XI. 1929. 
PARNASSIUS. By Che. Bollow. 
41 
are mostly smaller. In the hindwings ocelli of show an elliptical shape which is less striking than in the styrian 
race. The $$ are mostly androtropic, but these also show a wide hyaline margin, sometimes confluent with the 
submarginal band although generally distinctly separated. The clentata submarginal band of hindwings is not so 
clear as in styriacus 2. — subsp. confederationis Fruhst.*) from the Central Alps as far as Algau is smaller than confetlera- 
clelius Esp. from Valais. Its ground colour is a fuller shade of yellow than the former. Hyaline margin narrow, little 
developed and only rarely exceeds media 1. The whole of the black markings are smaller and more reduced than 
in the race from Valais. The adumbrated hyaline part of forewings more extensive, disc densely suffused with black, 
the hyaline margin of the hindwings is not so distinct nor so clearly outlined as in deliu.s from Valais. The 
basal area of the wings is much darker. The basal red on the undersides of the hind wings is less extensive. Also 
the Alps of Tessin from the Vercasca group on both sides of the Cagnone Pass at an altitude of 1800—2400 m 
has its own race: tessinorum Fruhst. This is a transition from the yellowish androtropic west forms to the larger tessinorum. 
gynaecotropic east races. Both sexes are more stately than the race from Valais, but smaller than sacerdos Stick. 
The milky-white ground colour differentiates it from both, in the ££ this ground colour has a slightly bluish- 
white tone. The black cell spots are narrower than in expectatus. As in styriacus the submarginal is widely separated 
from the very considerable hyaline margin and reaches mediana 2. The subcostal spots are faintly developed. 
T he ocelli are considerably reduced as compared with the other Swiss races, the anterior are mostly rounded and 
the median are mostly scpiare, elliptical or even reniform. A red spot in the subcostal spot of the forewings is 
always absent and only seldom developed even in the $$. The $ is most like styriacus and without a locality 
label it is scarcely possible to discriminate between smaller specimens of styriacus and tessinorum. tessinorum 
5 $ incline to be melanic and the grey white submarginal band is therefore only slightly noticeable in the adumbrated 
hyaline outer area of the wings. In the hindwings the hyaline margin is fairly wide and the submarginal band 
is prettily dentata formed. The ocelli are smaller than in allied races and not very markedly pupilled with white. 
From the southern slopes of the Simplon in the Valley of the River Antigorio there is another race differing 
considerably from tessinorum, the subsp. blachieri Fruhst. This forms a transition to the more lightly coloured blachieri. 
and dainty races of western Piedmont. Although this occurs so far south nevertheless it inclines to be somewhat 
melanic. The <$$ are smaller than the main type, the hyaline margin of the forewings is longer, generally spreading 
as far as the cubitalis. In the subcostal spot there is rarely a red spot, but if there is then it is always small. On 
the hindwings the ocelli remain very small but have a wide black border, the red centre generally has a small 
white pupil. easily distinguished from main type. The grey-black suffusion of fore wings reaches nearly 
as far as wall of cell. Hyaline margin not so wide as in tessinorum and submarginal band yellowish and always 
distinct, it is more complete than in the main form, especially on the hindwings. The $$ sometimes occur purely 
white flying with the yellowish $<$ and similarly to tessinorum. In the Alps of west Piedmont from Courmajeur, 
Val Ferret we have subsp. serenus Fruhst. Both sexes are of light yellow ground colour, the highly-coloured serenus. 
ocelli small, surrounded with black, varying in shape, mostly squarish and irregular but large. In the 2$ the 
hyaline margin of the forewings is very wide and the black submarginal band is separated from it by a nicely 
curved lunulata band. Disc of forewings is not suffused with black. In hindwings submarginal band less prominent 
than in forewings, but nevertheless retained and curved in a nice arc. Basal and hind marginal black marking as 
well as the anal spots give a somewhat paler impression. The black is just as if it has been scattered on 
which is in contrast to the races so far described. — Bryk describes a further race from Larche which closely 
resembles serenus : eisnei i Bryk, it is smaller than the former and not so brightly marked. The hyaline margin eisneri. 
is narrower, the transverse band creamy yellow, the ocelli smaller, clearer but more narrowly surrounded. 
The anal spots are reduced to streaks, the hyaline band is narrower, the submarginal band much shorter, 
very similar to the but not so diffused. Subcostal spot black with a red pupil, middle cell spot 
elongated. The black marking at the base of the hindwings is reduced. Also d'd' are small but differ less 
from closely neighbouring races than 2$ which as a rule are inverse. In the margin of fore wings 
whitish spots penetrate into narrow hyaline border: hind marginal spot present. The ah. binaria Stick. 
is a form of this insect as already mentioned. Widely distributed over Asia and in many races we have 
phoebus F. (Vol. 1, p. 23) to which according to further explorations a whole new r series has to be added. In 
Turkestan from the mountains in the surroundings in Barkul on the lower slopes of the Himmels Mountains 
we have the beautiful race of rueckbeili Deckert, which looks very much like actius. It is smaller than uralensis rueckbeili. 
Men. (Vol. 1, p. 23). The are characterised by a rather narrow margin and a submarginal band which 
is curved in the shape of an S somewhat longer than the hyaline margin reaching to cubitalis 1. The 
two subcostal spots are united by rather weak scaling. End cell spot large and almost in the form of a 
crescent according to the antiquincunx style and united with the large rectangular suspended middle cell 
spot. The hind marginal spot is only small and scarcely perceptible. Costal margin yellowish-grey faintly 
scaled with black, hind margin yellowish suffused with greyish black. Hindwings decorated with two 
red centred ocelli, the median is longish and oval. Submarginal band only indicated by a few faint 
blackish scales. The darker generally speaking are similar to the only the hyaline margin and 
*) This group name for the races from the Central Alps to Algau in southwest Bavaria is scarcely tenable and 
it is difficult to understand how Fruhstosfer, who otherwise was so ready to give names to new races even though the 
forms were very closely related, could unite such heterogenous insects. 
Supplementary Volume 1 6 
