PARNASSIUS. By Che. Bollow. 
47 
fully rounded, the hindwings also but at the same time relatively small. f. postice rotundata is a $ of 
oenipontanus Fruhst. that with normal forewings has the anal part of the hindwings so extended that 
when set they almost touch the abdomen. — The ab. simonoides has the forewings as the r+j 1 of P. 
simonius in Vol. 1, pi. 16 e. f. execta has the forewings cut out sharply just behind the apex. ab. penta- 
gonalis has almost pentagonal hindwings, analogous to P. mnemosyne L. of the same name. In ab. mini- 
moides the hindwings are as P. minimus of Vol. 1, pi. lie. — The crown of all these denominations is probably 
the ab. asymmetrica, which Mr. Stauder has denoted for all specimens with otherwise asymmetrical wings. 
We have still to enumerate the aberrations from normal veins as far as they have fallen victims to this epidemic 
of denominating. On the forewings and hindwings media 2 + 3 are deformed at the entrance of the median 
cell in ab. rebeli Brylc. On the fore wings and hindwings cubitalis 1 is absent in at. jordani Bryk. - The 
following aberrations all refer to the veins of the forewings. — Cubitalis 1 is absent in ab. verityi Bryk and 
cubitalis 2 is absent in ab. aurivillii. — Cubitalis 2 bifurcates 5 mm before reaching the margin in ab furcata 
Osih. — In ab. bosniacki Bryk media 1 originates directly from the discocellular. In ab. haudeanus Bryk 
media 1 has a surplus vein running upwards connecting with radialis 5 transversely. - The upper media 1 
originates radialis 4 + 5 instead of uniting at origin in ab. latreillei Bryk. - The ab. redtenbacheri Bryk has 
the discoidal cell open between media 1 and 2. — In ab. antecubitalis Fagnoul a supernumerary nervule arises 
from the disco-cellular between media 3 and cubitalis 1. — In ab. enderleini Bryk radialis 2 + 3 arise beyond 
the cell without however forming cohesion with radialis 1. —In ab. baroniides Brylc radialis 3 is missing. - 
In ab. symplecta Bryk radialis 3 + 2 have grown together with radialis 1 before reaching the apex. - ab. 
spuleri Bryk has a surplus vein between radialis 1 and 3. In ab. charle-si Bryk radialis 5 is missing. - In 
ab. turatii Fagnoul a supernumerary vein arises from the axillaris which inosculates in cubitalis 2 forming a 
secondary cell. The following denominations were given to variations in the hindwings: in ab. embriki Bryk 
cubitalis 1 is absent and in ab. seitzi Bryk cubitalis 1 arises ex cubitalis 2. — In ab. postintercubitalis Bryk 
(— intercubitalis Bryk) a supernumerary nervule is shown between the two cubital veins. - - In ab. reuteriides 
Bryk a supernumerary vein arises ex media 3, whilst in ab. reuteri Brylc there is one between media 1 and 2. 
— In ab. ferdinandi Bryk media 2 is absent. - In ab. ruhmannianus Bryk the upper radialis arises ex 
mediana 1 and in ab. kunzianus Bryk there is a supernumerary vein at the anterior radius. 
The races of apollo can be classified in circles or groups according to their geographic occurrence. These 
groups more or less approximate and indicate their homogeneousness by characteristics common to all. As 
belonging to the first complex of races which also includes the main type we begin with the Scandinavian races 
continuing with the Finnish-Russian, the Siberian and those from the Caucasus. - The subsp. norvegicus Menthe norvegicus. 
from Norway differs only slightly from the main type. The black marking of the forewings is more strongly 
marked, especially in the the hyaline margin and submarginal band reach only to cubitalis 2 and on the 
hindwings the ocelli are smaller. — The black marking of the base of the wings is less compact and black, 
but it reaches far into the basal area of the cell, which it also widely surrounds up to the upper mediana.— 
In the Aaland Island and in the Schaeren around Aabo fennoscandicus Bryk flies. The black marking of the fenno- 
forewings is very pronounced, the submarginal band much more dentated than in finmarchicus Rothsch ., and scandicus 
on the hindwings the submarginal band is very distinct . The black marking of the basal and hind margins 
as norvegicus. On the underside the subcostal spots are often with red centres. The upper anal spot is always 
so, it looks in consequence like a small ocellus and is attached to the deep Hack narrow streak-like lower anal 
spot. — A further Finnish race is finmarchicus Rothsch. from South Finland. The are a beautiful white finmarchi- 
with a very slight yellowish tone. The hyaline margin wide reaching to and contracting just beyond cubitalis 2 
longer than the arched submarginal which is angular in its upper part and Avbich is united there with 
the hyaline margin by scaling on the relative veins. Subcostal spots small, deep black and isolated, the 
cell spots only medium, whilst the hind marginal spot is quite large, round and also deep black. On the hind¬ 
wings the round ocelli are a beautiful red boldly surrounded with black and with white pupils. Basal and hind 
marginal black marking similar to the previous races, but perhaps a little lighter and not surrounding the cell. 
On the underside both anal spots have red centres. The $$ are very much darker and more faintly scaled 
with white, faintly suffused with black. The hyaline margin and submarginal converge near to the hind margin 
and are separated by a fairly wide white lunula band. The marking of the spots is less pronounced than in the + 
On the hindwings the ocelli are larger than in the <$ with larger white pupils. Hyaline margin narrow, sub¬ 
marginal band wide, separated by a rather indistinct lunula band. Anal spots pronounced, deep black, with 
red centres on the underside, mostly however only the upper. — In Ladogic Carelia there is a striking race, 
subsp. carelius Bryk. The ground colour of the $ is pure white, the fringes also; the hyaline margin scarcely carelius. 
touches cubitalis 2 and is separated from the narrow undulating grey submarginal band by a wide band of 
the ground colour. The costal spots are united by a few scattered black scales the first not so black as the other 
deep black macula. The ocelli are large, heavily surrounded with black and with white pupils. The anal spots 
joined together like a band sometimes with scattered red scales. The submarginal band only barely indicated 
by a few scattered greyish scales. The black marking at the base very faint. The $ is larger more boldly 
