48 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
marked with black and shows besides on the forewings traces of black suffusion. The hyaline margin is very 
wide, contracting and reaching to the hind marginal shortly before which it converges with the fairly wide 
but diffused submarginal band. Both are separated by a wide white band of the ground substance interspersed 
with a few black scales. 1 he ocelli are fairly large, well marked narrowly surrounded, with eccentric white 
pupils, the upper one only faintly. Marginal and submarginal bands fairly wide and distinct. Anal spots united, 
the lower one generally somewhat tinged with reddish. On the underside in both sexes the ocelli have very 
large white pupils at the expense of the red, the surround is black narrow and diffusing. The anal spots are so 
richly filled with red that the black is almost displaced. — From the Island of Gothland the type of the Torsburg 
linnei. the race of linnei Bryk (6 a) does not tally with the Nordic Races. It is much closer to vinningen-sis Stick 
(Vol. 1, p. 24, pi. 12 a). The size is smaller than all northern races. The S3 are pale white with narrow hyaline 
band stretching to the hind margin, partly the sub marginal band is absent and the subcostal spots are only 
moderately developed. The basal area of the wings is faintly sprinkled with black. The carmine red ocelli of 
the hindwings have white pupils and they are narrowly surrounded with black. The base and hind margins 
are moderately suffused with black which often extends on the cell margin to the upper mediana. Anal spots 
deep black, narrow, mostly united. Pale almost poor white ground colour of the wings is characteristic of the 
as also the weakly haired abdomen. The hyaline margin is not very wide, faintly bordered with black and 
with white fringes. It is separated from the diffused rather wide submarginal band by a quite narrow pale 
band of the ground colour which often dissolves into small crescents. The subcostal spots are strikingly suffused 
with black forming a band between the lower wall of the cell and the hind marginal spot. In the hindwings 
the ocelli are large, beautiful carmine red and with white pupils. The suffusion of black in the basal area rather 
more pronounced than in the S, hyaline margin very narrow, submarginal diffused, pale, scarcely showing 
any white crescents. Anal spots bold, sometimes connecting with the median ocellus through scattered scales. 
On the underside the ocelli have bright white pupils and the anal spots are broadly filled out with red. For 
the Russian Race of clemocratus Krul. (Vol. 1, p. 35) Sheljltzhko described an aberration satanas from Kasan, 
lunigera. TYiatka, which cannot be differentiated from ab. bergeri Am. — The ab. lunigera Fruhst. belongs to -subsp. 
sibiricus Nordm. (Vol. 1, p. 25) is the form illustrated by Verity, Rhop. Pal. t. 13, f. 2 as Hybrid of P. apollo 
sibiricus + P. discobulus Stgr. Fruhstorfer is quite right in designating this only as an individual aberration 
which occurs in many parts of Asia. Among the apollo of the West Siberian plains Siieljuzhko separated 
meinhardi. subsp. meinhardi, the type from Petropavlowsk, S3 of 82—89 mm and $$ of 80,5—90 mm across the wings. 
In the forewings all the black spots are well developed, especially the middle cell spot is particularly wide. 
The hyaline margin reaches in the S3 to cubitalis 2 or even slightly further, whilst the submarginal band only 
barely reaches the upper cubital vein. In the $$ both bands, the latter of which is diffused and almost converges 
with the hyaline margin, reach to the hind margin. The ocelli of the hindwings are medium size surrounded 
with black and generally with a distinct white pupil which can be absent in the S- The anal spots are well 
developed and sometimes filled with red. The $$ are with moderately dark scaling, especially in the disc of 
the fore wings and in the centre of the wings between the cell and submarginal band, meinhardi differentiates 
from sibiricus Nordm. through the wider hyaline margin and more pronounced surround of the ocelli, also the 
middle cell spot, especially in the $, is much wider and more strongly developed. It fairly corresponds with 
alpheralcyi in regard to size, but the black markings of the latter are iarger and more pronounced especially 
the submarginal band of the forewings which is inclined to be reduced in meinhardi S3- Yellow forms such as 
occur so beautifully in alpheralcyi (= ab. magnifica Bryk) are absent in meinhardi. — In the Juldus Territory 
minerva. subsp. ttlinerva 0. B.-H. flies. The S3 show less heavy white scaling than hesebolus, but they have heavier black 
spots and the hyaline margin and the dentated crescent band are more striking. The red ocelli have distinct 
white pupils. The $$ are smaller than sibiricus, less elongated wings, the hyaline margin is narrower and sepa¬ 
rated from the diffused submarginal band through a narrow band of small crescents. The ocelli of the hindwings 
are beautiful carmine red with eccentric white pupils and narrowly but boldly surrounded with black. The 
hyaline margin is only narrow, the submarginal band on the other band fairly wide even if interrupted and 
somewhat diffuse and separated by a narrow band of the ground colour. The black marking of the hind margin 
penetrates the basal half of the cell and surrounds it as far as the upper median vein. Anal spots very bold and 
wide the lower one with small red spots. On the underside the ocelli have large white pupils and both anal 
spots are filled with red. The ground colour is white toned slightly yellowish, the scaling faint, scattered with 
sojoticus. black dust, somewhat hyaline. — The subsp. sojoticus Bryk from Arasun-Gol is a hesebolus form in which in 
both sexes all markings are considerably reduced. The narrow tapering hyaline border reaches to media 3. 
the very delicately curved submarginal band reaches somewhat further than cubitalis 1, both are separated 
by a wide band of the ground colour, which is two and a half times as wide as the submarginal band.. The 
subcostal sjiots are small and the lower between media 1 and 2 triangular with a blunt apex. The end cell 
spots antiquincunx, the middle cell spot elongated hexagonal, the hind marginal spot narrow, streak-like and 
placed vertically. Of all the small ocelli in the hindwings the median is the largest. The anal spots are also 
small. The basal black marking takes up one third of the cell and surrounds it as far as media 3. The 
vary still more from hesebolus and are more inclined to resemble a form of P. plioebus intermedins from the 
Altai: also they are considerably darker than the S3- The black spots on the forewings are larger and 
