50 
PARNASSIUS. By Che. Bollow. 
from pale to very deep orange, strongly surrounded by black but with only faint white centres. Not materially 
ciscau- different caucasicus Pag. from Borshom. The race denominated ciscaucasicus Shelj. described from a single $ 
casicus. i g probably identical with suaneticus and in the best case can only be retained as an individual aberration. The 
race described but not named by Pagenstechek from the Adzhara Mountains (Mounts Sapilet, Arzhimet 
adzharensis. and Seswintria) is newly enumerated adzharensis Shelj. The ground colour is a dirty white on which the dark 
markings constrast less strongly. The <$3 show a constant dark scaling on the middle of the forewings and 
only a fairly narrow hyaline margin. The submarginal band is less distinctly marked. The size of the ocelli 
varies. In the $ sex there is always a partial fairly considerable adumbration. The hyaline margin suffuses 
generally with the fairly wide but not very distinctly outlined submarginal band so that the outlines are difficult 
iirdbzonus. to distinguish. — From the Villajet Trebizond Sheljuzhko describes the race tirabzonus. It differs sharply 
from all Armenian, Syrian and other races from Asia Minor and rather approaches those of the Caucasus and 
northwest Trans-Caucasia. Expanse 72—-75,5 mm, $ 75—77 mm. In the <$ the hyaline margin of fore wings 
is fairly wide and dark without pale spots. Marginal line intensively black, fringes white, sometimes black and 
white checked. All black spots large. The subcostal spots sometimes narrowing to a band. The submarginal 
reaches cubitalis 1 or 2. The disc is lightly scaled with dark scales. The hindwings at the base, half of the cell 
and the hindmargin as far as the anal spots are intensively scaled with black. Sometimes even the apical third 
of the cell is black so that only the middle remains light. The anal spots are large, filled with red on underside. 
The ocelli are medium size with white pupils, widely bordered with black. Submarginal only retained in faint 
traces, the hyaline margin more or less well developed. The have a wide hyaline margin which sometimes 
converges with the submarginal band and in one ^ has five indistinct white crescents in the upper half. The 
disc is strongly scaled with dark scales. The hindwings with wide intensive dark submarginal band transversed 
by pale veins. The large confluent anal spots are united with the median ocellus by intensive black scalings. 
The ocelli are larger than in the <$ with wide black border, median ocellus with distinct, the upper with 
indistinct white centres. Another $ has a more yellowish ground colour and fainter dark scaling, also the 
markings are reduced and less pronounced (ab. theiodes Schaw.). The aberration intertexta which generally 
occurs with the races from Borshom and Abastuman is absent here. — The Crimea has also its own race subsp. 
hreitfussi. breitfussi Bryk. It is very close to suaneticus Arnold with its white ground colour. The <$ measures 75 mm 
across the wings, the hyaline margin is slender narrowing to a point to the hindmargin and only a short poorly 
developed submarginal band. The black marking is as usual. The ocelli are only small and without centres. 
The black marking at the base medium. The anal spots with red centres. The submarginal band is subdivided 
into separated internerval roundish spots of faint grey colour. The measure about 78 mm, have all the 
black markings of forewings more strongly developed. The costal spots are united to a small band. The hind- 
marginal spot small and roundish. In the hindwings the submarginal band is well developed, the margin adum¬ 
brated. The ocelli are larger than in the have distinct white pupils, both anal spots are filled with red 
with a white pupil and a small ampliusmaculata spot is present. At the base and the hindmargin the black 
nivaius. scaling is strongly developed. — -— A further race complex groups around nivatus Fruhst. from the lower slopes 
of Chasserol at Neuvevi lie in the Jura, 500—600 m. These are striking pale coloured races from the hilly region 
of the Central Mountains and the Alps, nivatus has elongated wings and shows on the upper and underside 
of the wings a striking pale ground colour, particularly when compared with specimens from Zermatt and the 
Engadine. In the forewings the hyaline margin is very narrow, the submarginal very narrow, narrower than 
in bartholomaeus Stick. (Voi. 1, plate 12 c, d), it contrasts distinctly from the pure white ground colour. The 
subcostal spots are small. In hindwings the ocelli are only medium large, narrowly bordered with black, the anal 
spots considerably reduced, especially the lower one is very narrow. The submarginal band is very narrow 
and extremely delicate as also is the antemarginal suffusion on veins. On the underside the intensive red of 
basal spots is particularly striking. The upper anal spot is roundish, the lower one pointed and cuneiform. — 
Very closely allied to this is the French race from Franche Comte, Doubs, Ornans, les B renets, the subsp. 
unskotti. wiskotti Oberth. Whilst in the commonest forms it is scarcely separable from nivatus, its extreme forms belong 
to the most luxuriant specimens of the nivatus group in contrast to the poorest suevicus from the North. 
It is one of the most variable races, the $ of pure white ground colour. The hyaline margin is broad 
reaching to the anal angle frecpiently transversed by internerval white streaks and separated widely from 
the narrow sinuous submarginal band. The subcostal band reaches to media 3, the median spot is as large 
as the end cell spot and narrows suddenly to a small point at media 3. The end cell spot roundish-oval, the 
middle cell spot elongated rectangular, the hindmarginal spot round, all spots intensively deep black. 
Margin of the hindwings with wide streaks lying along the veins which are faintly marked to the submarginal 
band which is only faintly indicated. Ocelli are medium, the upper half as large as median, both bordered 
narrowly by black and with small white pupils. Base, half the cell and the hindmarginal area suffused 
strongly with black, the cell as far as the upper media surrounded with black. The anal spot two-celled in the 
form of streaks. On the underside the hyaline margin and submarginal band is well developed on all wings, 
the median spot is only faintly present but filled with red the ocelli have bright white centres as also have the 
two separated, black bordered, anal spots. Also closely related to nivatus and only slightly differing is the 
