PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
51 
race of meridionalis Pag. (= sevensis Kesenh.) from Sundgau, Maasmiinster and the Lake of Sewen. chiefly meridio- 
in the development of the red spots on the underside. The are 74 mm large, of white ground colour. nalis 
thickly scaled. The hyaline margin 4 mm wide distinctly separated by a band of the ground colour from 
the strongly sinuous grey-black submarginal band which stretches over the middle of the wings. Hindmarginal 
spot and cell spots strongly developed. On hindwings moderately suffused with black at the base: both 
anal spots are united and deep black. Of the deep red ocelli the upper one is roundish, the median one more 
elongated, both with white centres and black bordered. On the underside the submarginal band is distinctly 
visible, the ocelli are diffusedly white centred: of the three anal spots only the two lower ones are centred 
with red and with diffuse white pupils. On the forewings the red centres of the median spot and hindmarginal 
spot are striking. The basal spots nearest the base of the hindwings are bright red bordered with black. 
The $$ are of the same size as the £<$ with pale yellowish tinge in the white ground colour. The hyaline 
margin is wider, 6 mm, and the strongly sinuous submarginal band extends with it to the anal angle. 
Costal spots are a bright black and separated: the upper one roundish, the median spot very elongated as large 
as the end cell spot. The middle cell spot roundish as the hindmarginal spot. The ocelli are large, round and 
bright red, the median somewhat elongated basally, both with white pupils. The black marking of the base 
and the hindmarginal area more pronounced than in the <$. Anal spots black and strong. The submarginal 
band faintly developed. On the underside this and the hindmargin have more copious black marking, the anal 
spots are here centred with red. The ocelli with more copious black borders and diffuse white centres. — The 
geographically nearest neighbouring race is that of the Black Forest, marcianus Pag., the $$ of 68—72 mm, the marcianus. 
$ of 72 mm across the wings. Generally the Black Forest apollo has smaller costal spots on the fore wings, 
smaller and rounder and separated from one another. The hyaline margin is also narrow, 2—3 mm, expanding 
a little over the middle of the wing, sometimes veins with whitish patches, separated from the submarginal 
band with distinct paler cuneiform spots. The submarginal band more or less well developed and not reaching 
further than the hyaline margin. The other black spots are mostly roundish. The hindwings have copious 
black markings on the base. The upper anal spot roundish, the lower one more streak-like and with red scales. 
Rarely a further small ampliusmaculata spot is present. The carmine red ocelli are small, roundish, sometimes 
elongated, black bordered, the median small with white centres, the upper generally centred with red or with 
a faint white streak. The submarginal band and hindmarginal dusting of the is very faint on the upperside 
or quite absent, on the underside however round, more pronounced in the $9- These appear generally to be 
somewhat darker dusted, having also stronger black spots, the submarginal more distinct, the ocelli larger and 
the anal spots heavier. On underside there are often red scales in the costal spots and the hindmarginal spot, 
if only rarely they may be quite centred with red. From the specimens from the Mosel the of the Hoellental 
differ through their smaller more fully centred, roundish ocelli, the $$ through the rarer and faint white pupils 
of the large roundish ocelli. In the Swabian Alps we have the race suevicus Pag. (6 a, b) measuring on the suevicus. 
average 65—70 mm across the wings of the ($$. The ground colour is yellowish-white and not to any degree 
different from that of the 80 mm which have only a slight dark dusting. The black spots and bands are 
slightly larger and heavier in them. The <$<$ have a narrow hyaline margin 2- 3 mm wide often interrupted 
with white dustings along the veins. The submarginal band is distinctly separated, black-grey, not strongly 
sinuous and extending beyond the middle of the wings. The costal spots are separated, often irregularly bordered 
as are the cell spots, the hindmarginal spot roundish. In the hindwings the copious basal and hindmarginal 
black marking surrounds the middle cell. The carmine red ocelli are only small, narrowly black bordered, the 
upper one almost always centred with red, in contrast to the median rarely with small white pupil. The anal spots 
small like streaks, the lower one occasionally with red scales. The submarginal band only faintly indicated, 
more strongly so on the underside. The $$ are slightly dusted with black at the base and in the disc of the 
forewings, the development of the black spot markings is better, also the hyaline margin is wider and extends 
beyond the well marked submarginal band. On hindwings strong basal black markings are observable and the 
ocelli are larger, generally more strongly black bordered and only centred with red, only rarely having white 
pupils, chiefly in the median. The marginal and submarginal bands and the anal spots are distinct and heavy. 
On the underside there are frequently red scales in both the costal spots and the hindmarginal spot, as also in 
the anal spots of the hindwings which have the submarginal band more distinctly developed. The race from 
the Valley of the Danube around Ulm, Neu-Ulm in the Lauter Valley and Herrlingen, thiemo Fruhst., differs thiemo. 
from suevicus through the considerably larger size of the as also through the more expansive spots of the 
forewings and the large more heavily developed anal spots of the hindwings. In the $ the heavier and stronger 
marking is still more striking reminding one in their general appearance of the forms from the Bavarian Alps 
and the lower Alps, especially with the melahyaline submarginal band on upperside of all wings. - Bryk has 
ascertained from Hohentwiel a separate race phonolithi which is smaller than suevicus. The hyaline margin is phonolUhi. 
narrower and narrows suddenly at media 3 in order to disappear already between the two cubital veins. The 
submarginal band is much narrower, the costal spots deep black, scarcely united through the darker scaling, 
the lower one is rhomboiclal, the cell spots smaller. In the hindwings the submarginal band is curved in a fine 
arc, the ocelli are elongated roundish, very narrowly black bordered, the median with large, the upper one 
with small white pupils. The anal spots deep black, the upper one sharply cuneiform, the lower one linear. 
