52 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
Basal and hindmarginal black marking faint. On the underside of the fore wings all the black spots and bands are 
reduced, the median spot scaled with red. In the hindwings one is struck by the heavy arcuata submarginal band 
as well as by the large white centres of the ocelli. There is a third anal spot which united to the other two shows a 
cuneiform shape and there is a thin dusting of red scales in the middle one. The $ is more strikingly marked, all 
the black spots in the forewings are much stronger than in suevicus, the hyaline margin is narrower, from cubitalis 1 
to the hindmargin it is very narrow and acute. The narrow very distinct submarginal runs in a curve to media 2 
and from there perpendicularly to the anal angle so that a very wide patch of the ground colour is formed which 
especially characteristically strikes the eye. In the hindwings the marginal band quite narrow, the submarginal 
which is widely removed is of the arcuata type transversing from the costal to the hindmargin. The ocelli are 
roundish very much larger than in suevicus , the white pupils sometimes very large, leaving only a narrow red ring, 
and sometimes quite absent reduced to a minute white pupil in the median ocellus. The black border is always 
narrow and sharply outlined. Anal spots as in the <$, faint basal and hindmarginal dusting. - - The $ underside is 
changed relatively to the marking. Around melliculus Stick. (Vol. 1, plate 12 c) are grouped a number of races 
with their home in the Central Mountains. In the upper Palatinate in the neighbourhood of Regensburg we have 
bajuvaricus. bajuvaricus Fruhst. (= franconicus Fruhst.) which differs from melliculus by its more elongated wings which are 
never roundish. The hyaline margin narrow, dark, the submarginal band exceedingly strong reaching to media 3. 
The cell spots square and large. The dusting at the base of the hindwings very dense to the middle of the wings 
then becoming thinner and reaching to the heavy anal spots. The ocelli are symmetrically bordered with black, the 
white pupil displaced to the upper periphery. The race described by Frtthstorfer as subsp. bajuvariu-s without an 
exact locality presumably from the North Vosges, is nothing else than meridionalis and should be denominated as 
such. The same applies to the race from Solenhofen described by Bryk as lithographicus. On the other hand ancile 
rebelianus. Ebl. said to emanate from Carlsbad in Bohemia, which is very doubtful, should be renamed rebelianus Fruhst. as it 
differs from ancile Fruhst. The form of the wings is more round and thereby approaches melliculus. The hyaline 
margin of the $ and the half as wide submarginal band running almost parallel to it leave a wide straight band of 
the ground colour between and reach to cubitalis 2. The costal spots are large and separated: the large square cell 
spots and the oval hindmarginal spot are just as striking. The ocelli in the hindwings are relatively large and with 
large white pupils. The basal and hindmarginal dusting is very copious and surrounds the cell widely to the 
upper media. The anal spots very strong, constricted in the middle. On the underside of forewirigs the black 
markings are more reduced whilst in the hindwings the marginal and submarginal bands which are scarcely 
ancile. indicated on the upperside stand out very strongly. The upper anal spot has a red centre. — The actual ancile 
Fruhst. from the Fichtel Mountains is said to have been exterminated by the brutal collecting and stupidity 
of a gardener’s wife who had the butterflies collected by children in order to pin them on to bouquets of flowers 
given to departing tourists and guests. The last specimen was observed in 1909: when collecting was prohibited 
by law it was too late. Nothing was left to be protected. The ground colour of the wings which are remarkable 
by their very elongated form in both sexes is somewhat yellowish white, not pure white. In the $ the width 
of the hyaline margin is changed but the submarginal band is almost straight in both sexes only slightly curved 
above. Characteristic are still the small separate subcostal spots, the fainter cell spots, the fainter submarginal 
band of the forewings and in the hindwings the more oval, smaller white pupilled median eye spots, which are 
all developed larger in melliculus. — The apollo of the Saale Valley whichF ruhstorfer has described as subsp. 
posthumus, posfliumus has also suffered the same fate as ancile through the stupidity of collectors and it appears to be 
exterminated. The size is smaller, the wings rounder, the ground colour more yellowish than in the Silesian 
apollo. In the forewings the submarginal band is almost extinct, this applies especially to the underside. The 
ocelli of the hindwings are small reniform instead of roundish. The subcostal spots are also small and distorted. 
The hindmarginal spots are smaller than in related types. The base of the hindwings and the hindmargin are 
strongly dusted with black. The anal spots are narrower than in ancile but more pronounced than in the races 
closely related to albus Rbl.d > Rogh. (Vol. 1, p. 25, plate 12 e). — The races grouping around albus occurring in 
the Central Mountains are distinguished by their yellowish ground colour, strong marking, and by the copious 
darkish dusting of the $$ coupled with their stately size. The largest and most striking race of the albus group 
silesianus. of the Silesian apollo, subsp. silesianus Marschner, became extinct in the eighties of last century. That is to 
say it died out at the localities where it occurred in the Raben Mountains near Leibau. The $ had a purer 
white ground colour than the more yellowish The size is large and very stately. All the black spots in the 
forewings are very large and heavy, the end cell spot sometimes dentiform anteriorly. The costal spots united 
to a band are falcated with the concave side posteriorly chiefly formed by the enlarged median spot. The eye 
spots of the hindwing are very large and widely bordered with black, on the upperside in both sexes mostly 
without white pupil, only the median ocellus sometimes faintly. In the the hyaline margin is very narrow 
to cubitalis 2, the fairly wide submarginal band is heavy somewhat shorter reaching to cubitalis 1. The median 
ocellus is elongated transversely, the anal spots bold and the submarginal band indicated by light grey. The 
ends of the veins show a blackish adumbration in a characteristic way. The $ $ show on fore wings coarse if only 
sparse dusting. The hyaline margin is wider than in the extending to the hindmargin. The submarginal band 
almost straight, fairly dark and forming white crescents anteriorly towards the hyaline margin through arc-like 
dentations. The median spot is like in the $ but a little coarser, also the hindmarginal spot which is as big as 
