PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
the good sized middle cell spot. In the hindwings the margin is fairly widely shaded and the lead grey submarginal 
band is wide and distinct. The median ocellus with small eccentrically placed white pupil. The anal spots more 
than double as large in the J, with an ampliusmaculata spot. The base and half the cell near to the hindmargin 
fairly heavily dusted. The underside is similarly marked, as strongly as the upperside. — In the same way in 
the eighties of last century subsp. friburgensis Niepelt was exterminated in its habitats, the Salzgrund near friburgensis. 
Fuerstenstein in the neighbourhood of Freiburg and in the Silesian valley (Weistritztal). It differs from albus 
through its considerably larger size, more elongated wings, fainter grey dusting in the $, a more strongly curved 
submarginal band which in the $ is much narrower and shorter than in the albus 2, as well as through the 
larger white pupil of the median ocellus. It differs from silesianus through its smaller size, a considerably fainter 
black marking, especially of the much smaller median spot, also through the more strongly curved submarginal 
band of the forewings. In the hindwings the differences are: the much smaller ocelli, of which the median ocellus 
has always a white pupil, as well as the vein ends of the which are not shaded with black. — subsp. isaricus isaricus. 
Rbl. from a $ which is said to come from Kamenice near Eisenbrod, gives the impression of a small albus 
and the race with its otherwise trivial differences cannot be maintained until the $ $ have been found and exact 
locality particulars are given. — Also the subsp. bohemicus Rbl. (= ventidius Fruhst.) with locality Ratsch near bohemicus. 
Teplitz in North Bohemia is by no means definitely justified. They differ from albus through the much smaller 
size as well as through the more truncate wing shape, smaller cell spots in forewings and stronger grey dusting 
of the 2. From isaricus it differs also through the median spot in forewings which is not falcate. The has no 
grey dusting of the white ground colour, especially the margin of the hindwings is free of it. The hyaline 
margin and the curved submarginal band of the fore wings is very narrow and reaches only to cubitalis 1. The 
anal spots are very strong, the dusting of the hindmargin normal. The $ has the wings fairly strongly dusted 
with grey more so than in the typical albus $. The hyaline margin is wide and separated by a row of lunules 
from the otherwise fairly strongly marked and dentate submarginal band. Both bands end at the hindmargin. 
The subcostal spots are heavy and separate. The hindmarginal spot larger than the end cell spot. Costa and 
base of wings dusted with greyish black. In the hindwings the margin and submarginal band are distinctly 
indicated. The median ocellus is oval, the upper roundish, both with white centres, narrowly bordered with 
black, larger than in the also the anal spots are stronger. The base, half the cell and the hindmargin are 
strongly dusted with greyish-black. The underside is normal. — The subsp. sicinius Fruhst. from the neigh- sicinius. 
bourhood of Teschen in North Moravia is somewhat smaller than the Silesian apollo but larger than posthumus. 
The hyaline margin in both sexes reaches to media 3, it is anteriorly more strongly undulate than in 
posthumus, the strongly curved submarginal band is more pronounced than in allied races. The $ is most close 
to albus Rbl. <h Royh. The hyaline margin and the submarginal band are separated by the yellowish lunulata- 
band of the ground colour. The black spots in the forewings are highly prominent. The hindwings partly show 
an indistinct hyaline margin and a diffuse submarginal band which generally is only lightly marked by a few 
scales. The black border of the ocelli is less than in albus and smaller in both sexes. In the <3$ the submarginal 
band of the forewings is more extended and heavier than in albus. — subsp. vistulicus Rbl. from the Vistula vistulicus. 
Valley, the former boundary between Austrian Silesia and Hungary, has been established by an old pair of 
which the can only certainly claim a definite locality. It is large with very elongated wings of yellowish white 
ground colour. The submarginal band is wide, not dentated, slightly curved and extending to cubitalis 1. 
The black spots of the forewings resemble those of albus. The upper ocellus in the hindwings is round, the median 
relatively small clearly reniform, fairly widely black bordered and with large white pupil. The black anal spots 
are not confluent. The margin of the hindwings pure white. According to appearances the $ does not belong 
to it. It is relatively small and the ground colour of the wings instead of being the expected yellowish is 
transparently white, more strongly dusted with grey than albus : the submarginal band of the forewings is 
narrower than in the <$, clearly dentate, extending beyond cubitalis 1. The ocelli of the hindwings are relatively 
very small, the median also here oblique, reniform, widely black bordered and with distinct white pupil. 
The submarginal band is indicated through a few isolated grey patches, vistulicus is nearest to the race of 
strambergensis Skala from the neighbourhood of Mistek and Kotouc (Oelberg, 590 m) near Stramberg and stramber- 
Hochwald (Nesseldorf) in eastern Moravia in the region of the Beskids. This type is confined to a small (jensis. 
locality, is distinguished by elongated wings extended distally and a distinct apical angle of the hindwings. 
The ground colour is yellowisli-white, the spots of the forewings are medium size, the end cell spot with a 
so-called anterior dentiform. The ocelli of the hindwings are almost circular, narrowly black bordered large 
white pupils, sometimes missing in the $ in the upper eye spot. The dusting of the faintly grey, the 
subcostal spots small, separated, the lower one often centred red. The hyaline margin wide stretching as the 
submarginal band only to cubitalis 1, strongly curved, wide and bold, somewhat dentated. Hindmarginal 
spot round and large. The margin of the hindwings white, the ocelli almost circular, the anal spots small not 
confluent, deep black. Base, half the cell and hindmargins strongly suffused. The larger $ fairly heavily 
dusted with grey. The hyaline margin wide as also is the curved and dentated submarginal band which never 
reach to the hindmargin. The circular, never oval, ocelli narrowly black bordered and especially the median 
with large white pupil. The anal spots black more diffuse occasionally confluent, the upper often with red 
centre. Base, half the cell and hindmarginal black marking copious also enclosing the cell widely up to the 
submedian. The 62—70 mm, the $$ 70—70 mm expanse. The race is very inclined to aberrations, also ab. 
