54 
PARNASSIUS. By Chb. Bollow. 
sztrecsnoen- zirpsi Bryk and novarae Oberth. are found among it if only rarely. - The race of sztrecsnoensis Pax from the 
SIS ' mountain slopes at the southern entrance to the Sztrecsno Pass is very close to carpathicus Ebl. 6s Rogh. (Vol. 1 , 
p. 25). The yellowish ground colour of this thickly scaled race is much more striking than in carpathicus. The 
forewings are very wide and the hind margin is distinctly concave. The narrow hyaline margin extends almost 
evenly wide to the middle of the wing and like the submarginal band it is only faintly developed. The ocelli 
of the hindwings always have white pupils the sharp border however is not as sharply marked as in the other 
races from the Carpathian region. By the absence of the submarginal band on hindwings and the only very 
faint dusting of hindmargin it approaches subsp. strambergensis. Expanse of the 65—67 mm. A local race 
posterior, from the water course of the Rossudec has been described ab. posterior Peschke. It is said to be larger than 
specimens from other localities. In the the ocelli are smaller with heavy black borders, sometimes without 
red, especially the subcostal ocellus. The $$ are distinguishable by the extraordinarily wide contour of wings. 
subsp. interversus Bryk (= intermedins 0. B.-H. i. 1.) from Lowenstein in the Ullara Pass may be deemed 
identical, the differences are too small. Similarly the race of artemidor Fruhst. is doubtful; it has been described 
as from the Carpathians without closer particulars as to locality. From the Buekk Mountains, abt 900 m 
cominius. altitude in the county of Borsod we have subsp. eoniinius Fruhst., closely allied to sztrecsnoensis Pax. The 
ground colour of the <$<§ is purer white than in the latter. In the forewings the cell spots are large, steeply 
inclined, sharply edged, appearing narrower in consequence than in closely related races. The upper subcostal 
spot is extinct. In the hindwings the ocelli are dark carmine red with strong black borders. Base of wings 
and hindmargin deep black, surrounding the cell. Anal spots extremely heavy and well defined. Submarginal 
band distinctly dentata- like, marginal edge dark. The $ with much narrower marginal edge and considerably 
reduced submarginal band than carpathicus. Fore wings less densely dusted with black than the race named, 
as also the hindwings, but the submarginal is extended towards the anal region and the hyaline margin is 
candidus. sharply defined. The subsp. candidus Vrty. from the surroundings of Barlangliget in the chalky mountains 
of Bela differs from all other apollo races of the Carpathians through its colour. The ground colour in both 
sexes is pure white without the slightest admixture of any yellowish tone, the black markings of the forewlng 
very strong and contrasting. The hyaline margin and the submarginal band are very wide in both sexes, 
separated in the $ by a row of white lunules, whilst in the $ the deep black submarginal merges directly 
with the hyaline margin. The ocelli of the hindwings nearly always have white pupils and have deep black 
borders; the anal spots of the are only indistinctly developed, whilst in the $ they are almost entirely 
merged in the black marking which extends from the base of the wings to the arc of the submarginal band 
and together with the diffuse adumbration of all the wings reminds one of brittingeri Rbl. 6s Rogh. The 
measure 76 -79 mm, the 73- -75 mm across the wings. — A further race is found in the Eastern Carpathians 
transsyl- in the county of Czik in Transylvania, subsp. transsylvanicus Schweitz. The average expanse is 79 mm for the 
vcimcus. anc ] go mm f or tire The ground colour of the is pure white, the hyaline margin 4 —5 mm dusted 
with black, the submarginal distinct, both reaching to cubitalis 1. All the black patches on the fore wings are 
glossy black. The margin of the hindwings narrow, hyaline and dusted with black. Submarginal band faintly 
indicated. The base and the upper % of the hindmarginal area densely scaled with black, surrounding the cell 
with a wide band to the upper media. The ocelli bright carmine red, small, very strongly black bordered, 
generally only one small black anal spot present. The $ somewhat larger with stronger markings and generally 
throughout very darkly suffused. The ground colour is pure white wherever there are no black spots so that 
the contrasts are lively. The hyaline margin is very wide, 5—6 mm, densely scaled with black converging with 
the black submarginalband. The separation of these bands is indicated by a few pale scales so that a hyaline 
margin of abt 9 mm width results. All the black spots are very large and glossy black; only rarely and aberr- 
atively red scales occur in the costal and hindmarginal spots. The light ground of the forewings dusted with 
black. The hindwings also show a hyaline margin of barely 3 mm width along the whole border of the wing 
and a strong submarginal band which is separated by a row of faint white dots, otherwise both bands are 
confluent and form a wide dark margin of abt 6 mm width. The base and %rds of the hindmarginal area 
form a densely black scaled patch. The ocelli are round, abt 2- 4 mm in diameter, brightly carmine red, the 
upper one always blind, the median generally with minute white pupils. The border is very deep black. Both 
maurus. anal spots are heavy, black often confluent. The $ race described by Fruhstorfer as maurus from Gyorgyo, 
St. Miklos, in the county of Czik is scarcely other than the dark $ from of transsylvanicus and this name could 
jaraensis. have been retained in any case also for this type. — subsp. jaraensis Kertesz comes from Jarovize near Gyaluenses 
in West Transylvania, it compares closely with carpathicus and differs from transsylvanicus through the more 
yellowish ground colour of the wings and from carpathicus through the more distinct hyaline margin as well as 
rosenius. through the very wide black borders of the ocelli, which it has in common with transsylvanicus. — rosenius 
Fruhst. (5 f) from the Bukowina is a beautiful race. The ground colour of the <$<$ is a pure white, the hyaline 
margin and particularly the submarginal band of the forewings is still wider than in transsylvanicus Schweitz 
and the other hungarian races and they are also of a more intensive black. The black markings of the forewings, 
especially the subcostal marks are larger. In the $$ the melanotic adumbration reaches its maximum as 
regards the hungarian races and excels all races known from that district in this regard. One can almost 
describe the fore wings as completely black with white spots scattered in the cell, between the spots and a 
