PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
narrow band next to the inner margin of the submarginal band. Also the hindwings are exceedingly dusky, 
especially the base and the hindmarginal area, the submarginal band is very well developed. The ocelli are dark 
carmine red with a wide black border.-In nearest conjunction with these we have the races of the Balkans 
and Greece which will no doubt render many a new form on further investigation. Schawerda makes known 
the race of herzegovinensis from the Herzegowina. The SS have an expanse of 70 mm, the 75—80 mm. herzegovi- 
The ground colour is yellowish white, not dusted with black in the <$, often pure white. Most of the have 
the disc of forewings and the patch next to the hindmargin dusted with black. The black spots of the forewings 
are not especially well developed. The hindmarginal spot is often considerably reduced in the <$<$, the subcostal 
spots are often absent. The hyaline margin does not extend quite to the hindmargin, sometimes not to beyond 
the middle of the wings, in the $$ it generally reaches to the anal angle and also the submarginal band is 
much more strongly developed, being sometimes confluent with the hyaline margin. In the <$ the anal spots 
are sometimes absent or only faintly developed, whilst in the they are strong and sometimes centred 
with red. The ocelli of the $ are small and red of varying form but always with faint black border, sometimes 
with white pupils, in the they are nearly always very large. — subsp. dardanus Rbl. from the districts dardanus. 
surrounding Vunsajs and Naguti 1400—1700 m altitude in North Albania are best ranged next to bosniensis 
Stick. (Vol. 1, p. 25) or liburnicus. The specimens are on an average smaller than those from Herzegowina, 
the black cell spots of the forewings are heavy, the ocelli small, deep red. The $$ are sometimes heavily dusted 
with black with enlarged hindmarginal spot on the forewing. — Fruhstorfer describes the race of jelicus jdic.ua. 
from the Jelica Pass in Servia. The ground colour is yellowish, but not the intensive almost ochre yellow of 
many bosniensis Stick. $2 from Koricna and Trebewic. The are otherwise nearest to this form, have however 
considerably more copious black dusting at the base and the hindmargin of the hindwings. The ocelli are dark 
carmine red with faint white pupils, the anal spots smaller. The show great similarity to liburnicus Rbl. <£• 
Rogh. from Velebit, but still more to albus Rbl. from Leipnik in Bohemia, but they are considerably larger and 
have less copious black dusting in the basal area of the wings. The hyaline margin of the forewings is narrower 
than in liburnicus and the submarginal as well as the band separating it from the hyaline margin are indistincter 
and more diffused. The hindwings show quadratic distorted ocelli with sharply defined black borders. The 
subsp. omotiomoius Fruhst. from Vitosch near Sofia in Bulgaria is a striking, very pale and poorly marked race, omotiomo- 
The ground colour is preponderatingly whitish with a little tinge of yellowish. The hyaline margin does not 
reach to the hind margin. In the hindwings of the $$ sometimes there is a complete absence of dusting at the 
base, whilst the submarginal band is very wide, nevertheless diffuse and very loose, slightly better indicated 
in the The black cell spots of the forewings are very large also the very heavily black bordered dark red 
ocelli of the hindwings. The anal spots are faint in the <$, distinct and roundish in the $. The distal area of 
the wings in the without, in the $ with quite faint black dusting, omotiomoius is nearer to herzegovinensis 
than the races from Rilo-Dagh and it reminds one of an enlarged melliculus by its bright carmine red ocelli 
with their wide black borders in an otherwise plain hindwing. It is remarkable in this race that 5% show the 
ab. flavomaculata. — subsp. rhodopensis Markowitsch from Rilo-Dagh (= yglanus Fruhst.) is an exceedingly rhodopensis. 
variable race both in regard to size and markings. The hyaline margin extends in all $$ to the hindmargin. 
the submarginal band in the more richly marked $ ^ wide and dark and equally extending to the hindmargin: 
in the pale $$ it is markedly reduced. Subcostalband is mostly well developed. The eyespots are large, in pale 
specimens with large white pupils, sometimes only the subcostal quite centred with red, generally both. Whilst 
in the pale $$ the hindmarginal dusting is almost absent, the more richly marked specimens show a dusting 
reaching to the end of the cell. The edge of the hindwings is often hyaline. The <$<$ show as a rule the hyaline 
margin as the $9 an d also the submarginal band is usually dark: the eyespots of the hindwings just as in 
the bat not so large. - - subsp. amphytion Fruhst. from the Pirin Mountains is smaller than the Bidgarian amplujtion. 
races and is nearest to the preceding. The contour of the wings is however rounder, the hyaline margin in the 
rj narrower and the submarginal band more sharply defined and the cell spots narrower. The ocelli of the 
hindwings are smaller and more circular. Also the $$ approach rhodopensis closely but the submarginal band 
is more extended and the cell spots more round. The ocelli of the hindwings are also much smaller and the 
basal dusting less obvious. — At an altitude of 1300 m on the Schipka Pass in the Balkans the race of hermssfors hermiston. 
Fruhst. flies. The <$<3 are nearer to liburnicus Rbl. than omotiomoius Fruhst. and are also smaller than these. 
The hyaline margin is darker grey than in liburnicus, the submarginal is narrower than in the Bulgarian races 
and those from Velebit, ceasing already at media 1. The subcostal spot is very small reminding of grajus Stick. 
The hindwings with faintly bordered ocelli reminding one of liburnicus. The basal dusting more heavily marked 
than in the races compared. Anal spots very distinct but small. The hindwings are plain with the exception 
of a few accumulations of scales at the margin. In the 2 the hyaline margin is narrower than in liburnicus , the 
submarginal band very distinct, rectilinear, sharply defined as no other Balkan a polio shows. The black cell 
spots narrow somewhat rounded. Hindwings with medium sized, dark carmine red ocelli with relatively small 
white pupils. Submarginal rather indistinct, the anal spots small and faint. subsp. grajus Stick. (= ? pel- grajus. 
oponnesiacus Pag., graecus Ziegl.) (6 d) from Greece has a yellowish white ground colour in the only a narrow 
hyaline margin excurved inwardly, diffuse from cubitalis 1 and diffusing indistinctly to the hindmargin. The 
submarginal is delicate and disappears at cubitalis 1, separated from the hyaline margin bv a wide band of 
