56 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
the ground colour. The upper subcostal spot black and very small, the median spot larger, distortedly quad¬ 
rangular. The end cell spot very large, squarish, the middle cell spot more rounded. Hindmarginal spot 
roundish, costal and base of wings faintly dusted. The median ocellus of the hindwings is double as large as 
the upper one, finely bordered with black, pale red, the median with small white pupil. Submarginal band 
distinct but only delicate. Anal spots small, the lower one heavier, base and hindmargin faintly suffused 
and also the cell fairly widely enclosed by the black dusting up to the upper media. On the underside the 
submarginal is distincter and the upper ocellus shows two reddish ringlets round the white pupil. — The 
race of types around brittingeri includes a number of races of mostly rather small, very richly marked 
specimens having their habitat in the higher and high mountain altitudes; their throughout incline 
adonais. towards the nigricans condition. — In the Wendelstein region and the Inn Valley we find adonais Fruhst., 
the of which are distinguished by a fairly wide submarginal band, ceasing at media 3. The discoidal area is 
generally copiously dusted with black, otherwise the ground colour is pure white without any creamy 
admixture as in manillius Fruhst. The $ has forewings thickly powdered with black, but without such 
intensively melahyaline patches as Claudius Belling §. The hindwings in contrast to the forewings show 
considerable clarification, although there are also specimens having a vei’y wide hyaline submarginal band. 
alemanicus. The hyaline margin of all wings in both sexes is striking and characteristically narrow. — subsp. alemanicus 
Fruhst. from Falkenstein (1200 m) near Fuessen and Oberstdorf in Algau represents a peculiar little race, being 
a transition between bartholomaeus Stich. (Vol. 1, p. 25, plate 12 c, d) and the races of the Vorarlberg and Oetztal 
mountains, being considerably smaller than these. The wing contour is somewhat rounder, the hyaline margin 
and particularly the submarginal band are narrower, so that the dividing band is wider. In the <$ the ocelli 
of the hindwings are larger and have larger white pupils. In the the forewings are much less copiously dusted 
luitpoldus. with black than in bartholomaeus. — subsp. luitpotdus Fruhst. (= luitpoldi Pag., luitpoldianus Brylc, maxi- 
milianus Fruhst.) from Oberammergau when compared with melliculus differs in the <$ by the more elongated, 
less round forewings and the black subcostal spots which are more oblong than quadrangular. In the hindwings 
the ocelli have smaller white pupils, sometimes constricted as in vinningensis. The dusting at the base is in most 
specimens denser, more extended and deeper black. The 2$ resemble bartholomaeus and brittingeri by the 
dense black dusting of the upper surface of the forewings. In the hindwings the anal spots are strikingly widely 
spread. The demarkation of the submarginal band on all wings is characteristic, it is always distinct and 
claudius. especially clear on the forewings. — Claudius Belling from the Karwendel district is very close to the previous 
race only differentiated with certainty in large series. A constant feature is the especially wide hyaline margin 
and the frequent occurrence of black suffusion over the hindwings of the $$. The $$ are scarcely distinguishable 
pandolfus. without the indication of the locality. - pandolfus Fruhst. from the Algau Alps and upper Lechtal in the Tyrol 
is also very close to maximilianus, but it is larger and on an average is decorated with larger ocelli and also 
the black markings of the forewings are heavier. The ocelli are in both sexes an intensive carmine red and 
resemble thereby the south tyrolean rubidus forms. The hindwings are fairly heavily suffused, but never so 
panon. heavily as occurs in claudius Belling. panon Fruhst. from the Kofel, Oberammergau, is very closely related 
to luitpoldus and also cetius Fruhst. The forewings of the d'd' are narrow, elongated and not round as in melliculus. 
The cell sjmts are confluent like a band and not like blotches as in the Regensburg and Franconian specimens. 
The hyaline margin is wider and the strongly undulating submarginal band is robuster than in the races named. 
The cell of the hindwings broadly surrounded with black from the shading of the base and the hindmargin. 
The very much resemble ancile Fruhst., but the submarginal band is still more pronounced. The ocelli of 
the hindwings in both sexes have smaller white pupils than melliculus and with reduced black borders. — A 
manillius. very interesting race is manillius Fruhst. from Hinterkaiser near Kufstein with habitat between bartholomaeus 
and alemanicus and which belongs to the poorest marked forms that we know. The ground colour is slightly 
yellowish white, the hyaline margin of the forewings is quite narrow extending barely to media 2 : the submarginal 
is widely separated from it, very narrow and zigzag extending to cubitalis 2. Cell spots and hindmarginal spots 
heavy black, subcostal spot faint, united with the well developed median spot by faint shading. The ocelli 
are relatively large, round, widely black bordered and with small white pupils. The base, half the cell and the 
hindmargin faintly dusted with black. Both the anal spots small but deep black. South of the Chiem lake 
artonius. near Kossen the race of artonius Fruhst. forms a transition between manillius and claudius Belling from the 
Karwendel district in the west of the Bavarian Alps with bartholomaeus in the east. By its powdery dark ground 
colour and similarly formed hyaline margin it has similarity with the latter, but on the other hand the sub¬ 
marginal is closer to that of claudius, which is not so wide as that of manillius. The cell sj)ots are very striking, 
the subcostal band is shorter than the latter. The basal part of the hindwings is more extensively dusted with 
black. The ocelli are dark red, with wide black borders. The $ has white forewings with a delicately black 
powdered disc, the submarginal band narrow and strongly undulating. The black spots are smaller than in 
allied races. The hindwings show narrow hyaline margin and also submarginal, whilst the ocelli, do not 
exceed those of the $ in size, as is usually the rule in allied races. From Lofer in Salzburg we have a very neat 
loferensis. dwarf race, loferensis Kolar which comes close to bartholomaeus but deserves to be separated on account of 
its small size. The wings are more rounded and have an expanse of 58 -62 mm, are white and precisely marked 
