PARNASSIUS. By Chr, Bollow. 
59 
starved. — rhea Pocla described from Carniola 1761 is not quite clear, Stichel places it with 1 to geminus, rhea. 
more likely it could be placed with ottonius Fruhst. which also originates from the Austrian coastlands and ottonius. 
Carniola. The type is recognisable by its smallness and relatively strikingly wide hyaline margin. The $$ differ 
considerably from brittingeri from Styria, lower Tauern and Lunz am See. From the Julier Alps Stauder 
gives us the race juliaous. It embraces specimens of medium size which approach carinthicus Stick. (Vol. 1, juliunm. 
p. 24) and montana Stick (Vol. 1, p. 24, Plate 13 a), but which are easily distinguishable by their dull grey-white 
ground colour, which is caused by sparse scaling. As a special characteristic the author mentions the regularly 
wide hyaline band of the forewings extending to the hind margin. Submarginal is divided by lunule spots and 
runs at first with a slight bend and then vertically to the anal angle. The otherwise deep black spots are only 
very dull black here. In the BB the ab. fasciata Stick, constantly occurs, which does not happen frequently 
even in otherwise more adumbrated races. A further characteristic of the BB lies in the ochre yellow filled 
ocelli of the hindwings which are mostly of uniform size. The $$ are remarkable by their unusually bulged 
wings, a wide hyaline margin with only a narrow lunule band separating the submarginal. On the hindwings 
the ocelli are also coloured ochre to yellow and the submarginal band more or less distinctly present as in the B- 
subsp. wenzeli Bryk ( — oenipontanus Sid., wenzelius Fruhst., bryki Sckaw.) flies in the Sill Valley from Wilten wenzeli. 
near Innsbruck to Patsch in the Tyrol. The BB have an expanse of 68^ 70 mm, the $$ 70 74 mm. A large 
stately race of pure white ground colour, but there are conglomerations of black scales on the veins and in the 
disc which considerably influence the ground colour. The relatively narrow hyaline border as also the strongly 
angular submarginal with clear lunule spots reaches to the hindmargin, or also only to cubitalis 1. All black 
spots large and square. Ocelli of the hindwings relatively not large, roundish, mostly with white pupils and 
heavily surrounded with black. Anal spots large and often with red centres. Black marking of hindmargin 
extensive. Outer margin hyaline, adumbrated, submarginal mostly distinct. On the underside the cell spots 
are intensively black, ocelli red with heavy black surrounds, frequently intertexta condition as a characteristic. 
The underside has an oily glossy tone. The 2$ are also of white colour and with very heavy black marking 
and moderate black dusting of the base as well as the area between the subcostal and hindmarginal spots. 
On the hindwings the area of the surface of the wings is more heavily dusted with black between the two ocelli 
which are surrounded by black shading. Also the very extensive black shading of the hindmargin extends 
strongly in and around the cell. The very large ocelli are almost circular, heavily surrounded with black and 
mostly with white pupils. The colour of the ocelli varies as in the B- Hyaline margin of the forewings and the 
granulated diffuse black submarginal enclose a narrow white band which as in ab. nox Bryk can be absent, nox. 
hindwings are inclined to have a hyaline outer margin. — rubidus Fruhst (Vol. 1, p. 38) from the Eisack Valley rubidus. 
has served as representative of very many neighbouring races. Habitually it is somewhat like liburnicus Rbl. 
& JRgh. and larger than melliculus Stick. : through its extended black and red spotting it reminds one of the 
races of the upper Palatinate and Franconia. Wing contour, however, is elongated, ground colour yellowish 
and the $$ are much more richly scaled with black. Hyaline margin is wide and submarginal distinct, costa 
thickly powdered. Cell spots very striking. In the hindwings the base and hindmargin are strongly adumbrated, 
the shading penetrating deeply into the cell and surrounding it posteriorly and apically. The lower anal spot 
is linear, the upper roundish. In the Be? there are only these two whilst in the $$ there is a third the amplius- 
maculata spot which has an inclination to a red centre. The deep red ocelli are very large with relatively 
moderate white centres. The black surround clearly outlined inwards but diffuse outwards. The median ocelli 
incline to distortions, especially rectangular dilatations. In both sexes specimens occur without white pupils. 
Fruhstorfer names those forms rubidus and other alpine races f. thermophila which occur more in the valley thermophila. 
and middle zone of the high mountains up to abt. 1000 m. These are said to be larger, lighter and more brightly 
marked in contrast to the forms of the high alps which he named f. hlimicola. These are smaller, darker and humicola. 
less brightly marked. - subsp. beilarius Fruhst. from Terlan and Meran in the south Tyrol has pure white BB bellarius. 
with a very light tinge of yellowish and black and white checked fringes which however can also be quite black. 
Wing contour roundish: hyaline margin tapering off and stretching to the hindmargin, as also does the black 
slightly sinuous dentate submarginal band which is separated by a band of lunules. Subcostal spots heavy and 
separated. Cell spots large and oblong: hindmarginal spot round and bold: all spots deep black and glossy. 
Hindwings have fairly large, light red, round ocelli with narrow, washed-out black surrounds and more fre¬ 
quently with white pupils although sometimes blind. Anal spots generally isolated but if united then constricted, 
they are lareg often filled with red centres. The black marking of base and hindmargin encloses half the lower 
cell encircling same and filling also the apex widely. Submarginal only weakly present and often shows the 
ends of the nervules with black scales at the margin. On the underside the submarginal of all wings and in the 
hindwings the margin heavily darkly marked. Anal spots completely filled with red, the upper one generally 
a genuine ocellus with heavy white pupil, amplius-maculata spot often absent. The $$ are very dark in the 
upper wings, and hyaline in all areas that are not yellowish-white or with black spots. Hyaline margin forms 
together with the submarginal band which runs almost straight to the hindmargin, a wide 12—14 mm glassy 
