PARNASSIUS. By Chr, Bollow. 
60 
border having a continuous row of small round white spots. Costal spot small, median spot large also the cell 
and hindmarginal spots. The latter resembles the middle cell spot both in size and in its oblong rounded form. 
In the hindwings the median ocellus is double as large as the upper, oval, widely surrounded with black, carmine 
red, with eccentric white pupil. Marginal and submarginal bands show heavy black dusting: the latter dissolved 
into separate loosely connected lunules. Black marking at base more strongly pronounced than in the <$ so 
that only quite a small light area is left in the cell. All light patches have a faint blackish suffusion. On the 
underside of the forewings the black markings are reduced and the hindmarginal spot has a small red centre. 
In the hindwings the white pupils of the ocelli are heavier and the fine black surrounds have a wider diffuse 
cognatus. grey halo. Anal spots as in the Both marginal bands heavily marked. — The race cognatus Belling from 
Ritten in the South Tyrol resembles the former and still more rubidus, to which latter according to Fruh- 
storfer it forms the humicola form. It is smaller than same with an expanse of BS 62—70 mm, qs —75 mm. 
The ground colour is not yellowish but rather chalky whitish, in any case it is lighter than Eisack specimens. 
Hyaline margin only 4—5 mm but narrower than in rubidus ending at cubitalis 2 or somewhat previously. 
The submarginal band which is just as long is well developed. Black markings are smaller the black of base 
reduced. On the hindwings the submarginal is only faintly indicated or extinct, dusting of base also lighter. 
Ocelli are sometimes large and sometimes small, rarely of as large size as in rubidus, lighter red with white pupil. 
There are two anal spots. In the $$ the base and costa of the forewings shaded. Cell spots fairly large. Hyaline 
margin abt. 6 mm wide separated from the submarginal by small spots of the ground colour. On the hindwings 
the sinuous submarginal is distinctly separated from the margin, hindmargin richly scaled with black, 
penetrating therewith into the base and point of the cell and encircling same posteriorly. Both anal spots 
heavily marked, frequently a small third one in addition: ocelli are stately with full black surrounds and 
generally with white pupils. It is not always easy to separate this high mountain race from the rubidus 
mendo- specimens of the valley. - mendolensis Dann. from the Mendel region is, as almost all forms, closely related 
letisis. ru bidus generally best recognised by studying the locality label, in any case the most practised specialist’s 
eye is necessary to distinguish same. Ground colour of the $<$ is lightly tinged with yellow, hyaline margin 
tapering off narrowly to cubitalis 2 , the straight dentate submarginal extends similarly and is separated 
widely by a band of the ground colour. Subcostal spots generally very large and often confluent: cell spots 
large roundly oblong and deep black: hindmarginal spot deep black roundish of varying size. Costa, base and 
the area below the cell powdered with black. In the hindwings the margin lias a blackish tone at the extremities 
of the nervules and the submarginal is indicated by faint arcs. Ocelli are not large, brick-red, distorted roundish, 
heavily surrounded by black rnd with eccentric white pupils sometimes scarcely perceptible. Anal spots are 
isolated sometimes a small thiid one indicated. On the underside both bands are distinctly indicated, anal spots 
show red centres, sometimes even the third, the middle one almost always with white pupil. In the very dusky 
$ the areas that have remained light are purer ivhite and more sparsely scaled than in the hyaline margin 
and submarginal are confluent in a wide glassy band which is interspersed by a row of small white lunules. 
Also on the hindwings both bands are glassy and dusted with black. The black of the base and hindmargin is 
so extended that only a small light, faintly powdered patch is left in the middle of the cell. Underside is similarly 
monte - marked and also heavily dusted. — subsp. montebaldensis Fruhsi. (— baldensis Dann.) from the Monte Baldo 
balcensis. re gj on cliffei's immediately from neighbouring races, especially those of the Dolomites by its small size: it is 
habitually little larger than pumilus Stick. (Vol. 1 , p. 24, Plate 13 c). Hyaline margin of the forewings is narrow 
and very dark, submarginal very pronounced. Subcostal spots extremely striking distinguished thereby from 
the north italian forms as well as from agiens Fruhst. from the Seiser Alps. Cell spots are somewhat roundish. 
In the hindwings the cell is surrounded by the intensively black dusting of the base. Anal spots very striking: 
ocelli only relatively small, elliptical with small white pupils and faint black surround. The $$ are distinguished 
by the glassy submarginal bands of the forewings and hindwings which distinctly reach to the hindmargin, as 
well as through the lightly dusted disc of the forewings. On the underside the carmine red, white pupilled 
tridentina. ocelli and the roundish anal spots stand out strikingly. - tridentina Dann. from parts of the alps of Trent in the 
southern Monte Baldo region at an altitude of 1200 — 1600 m is so indifferently described that no clear comparison 
can be made without having specimens from that part. It is said to be small and thinly scaled: the outer 
'phrynius. transverse band (sicl) on the hindwings fairly straight, ocelli especially small, sharply outlined with black. 
subsp. phrynius Fruhst. comes from the valley of Oet-z. The BS are mostly smaller than the §9? generally of 
medium size, all black spots of the forewings well developed, costal spots reaching to over media 2, frequently 
uniting in a small band. The hyaline margin reaches only narrowly barely to the hindmargin and is separated 
from the submarginal, which is grey-black, dentate and well developed, by a wide band of the ground substance. 
Hindmarginal spot is large and round. In the hindwings the margin and submarginal are more or less faint, 
nevertheless distinctly developed. The red ocelli often irregular not round in shape: they are with narrow black 
surrounds sometimes with pupils, sometimes blind, the race is very variable. The black anal spots are generally 
confluent. The black marking of base and hindmargin fills half the cell and encircles same to the middle media. * 
The $ is heavily dusted with black and correspondingly dusky, at the same time richly marked. The forms 
