28 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
posticelon- but runs in a straight line it is denominated as posticelongate Trti. — subsp. comitis Bryk from Majella flies in 
om'tis ^ ie half of July, which is late in the year as most Italian specimens. The are pure white, the hyaline 
margin to cubitalis 2 gradually getting narrower and joining with the submarginal band finishing at mediana 3 
and with 5 distinct white spots. The subcostal spot is one-celled but clearly defined. End cell spot is triangular, 
not very striking, discoidal spot medium sometimes unattached. The hindwings can be described as “intact”, as 
the end cell spot is scarcely discernible. Hindmargin suffused with black as usual. The $$ are more richly 
marked. The transparent margin is very wide, tapering off only slightly towards the anal angle, becoming 
diffuse from cubitalis 1 -2. Lunulae are present. Subcostal band wide and reaching to media 3. The end cell 
spot triangular, middle cell spot roundish, lying unattached in the cell. The base of the forewings suffused as 
with soot. Hindmarginal spot distinct, oblong, excurved towards the base. On hindwings the subcostal spot 
is absent, on the other hand the small end cell spot lying attached to the cell joins up with anal spots and 
hindmargin forming a continuous band which with the black marking of the hind margin encloses an 
oval white spot over two and a half cells. The $$ closely resemble the ariovistus from Urach, but differ by 
constantinii. the longer and wider subcostal band. Turati describes the race of constantinii from the Emilianic Apennines; 
it is similar to fruhstorferi and differs to such a slight degree that it is questionable, whether it should be further 
esperi. considered. — subsp. esperi Bryk is the race from Piedmont. The remind one somewhat of comitis. They 
have a still wider transparent border, nearly always extending to the hindmargin and with very clear lunules, 
which in the last sections are open crescents. The hindmarginal spot is sometimes present, but mostly absent. 
The subcostal band stretches to media 3. The end cell spot deep black, triangular and nearly always of 
antiquincunx ” formation. The discoidal spot roundish, oval, suspended or undetached and also deep black. 
The hindwings show a pronounced dentata submarginal band. The subcostal spot is present. The end cell spot 
just as with comitis joined up with the hindmargin and enclosing a white spot. The base of the cell mostly 
more darkly coloured with black than usual. The distinguish themselves by their pure white ground 
colour and by the S-shaped sinuated submarginal band, which can be even wider than transparent border. 
Both are separated by a continuous band of spots. The submarginal band breaks off at media 3 where the 
junction takes place diffusing from here to the hindmargin. Subcostal spot is present mostly one-celled. 
End cell spot triangular, middle cell spot roundish lying unattached in middle of cell area. Hind¬ 
wings without any subcostal spot, end cell spot usually small or even absent. Base and hind margin deep 
costarum. black. — The race of ccstanim Bryk from Mount Aurunci, in the Valle de Petrella (Caserta) is quite distinct 
from fruhstorferi, although closely allied to same. The transparent band is longer, stretching along the whole 
border to hindmargin, becoming considerably narrower and having lunulata. The subcostal band is 
pronounced, running to a point at media 3, middle cell spot distinct, discal cell exceptionally wide. End cell 
spot of the hindwings is rather smallish, one-celled and dependant. An anal spot between cubitalis 1 and 2. 
The $ varies still more from fruhstorferi. The hindmarginal spot is particularly characteristic. On hindwings 
besides a strongly marked subcostal spot there is a two-celled end cell sq>ot. Anal spot is two-celled and 
together with the dark marking of the hindmargin it encloses a light area between cubitalis 1 and 2. The 
nebrodensis. race nebrodensis Trti. (3 d) comes from Sicily from Madonie, Mount Nebrodi. It approaches nubilosus Christ, 
but has a more rounded wing shape. Between the hyaline marginal and submarginal bands one observes 5 —6 
small dart shaped spots with points pointing inwards. The costal spot is clear, mostly one-celled. The 
two cell spots deep black, shaped as in atliene. The hindwings poor in markings, and except for a quadrangular, 
one-celled end cell spot there is only a weak and diffused anal spot. The faint markings of the hindmargin 
schawerdae. penetrate somewhat into base of discal cell. — ■ subsp. schawerdae Bryk from Mount Pennino, 1500 m, 
and Mount di Camerino-Piceno is a small race midway between calabrica and fruhstorferi. The 9? can easily 
be distinguished from fruhstorferi. Instead of the curious dusting of the hindmargin which is peculiar to types 
from Asia Minor schawerdae show only a black streak and the <$<$ differ from calabrica by the absence of 
the second anal spot. The are only weakly scaled. The glass band and submarginal band join together 
or stretch to the hindmargin with narrow reduced crescents. Subcostal band usually extends to media 3. 
Cellspots are strongly marked. Hindmarginal spot clear or also absent. Hind wing markings scarcely distinguish¬ 
able from calabrica, but the cardinalis bar, which regularly occurs in calabrica is absent. Black scaling 
of underside much reduced. <$<$ very similar to those of calabrica. Submarginal band extends only to 
media 3. Subcostal spot can be absent or clearly marked on hindwings. The end cell spot sometimes 
pronounced and at others only represented by a streak. It is a very variable race. — Among the races 
cassiensis. from south France cassiensis Siepi from Mount St. Cassien (Baume) is a light form. C(S are light, white 
ground colour and have a wide hyaline margin stretching not quite to the middle of the wings having white 
lunules. The cell spots are small and narrow, hindmargin and base of the narrow hindwings are shaded with black. 
The discal end spot is missing. The $$ also light insects, thinly scaled like matuta, submarginal band reaching to 
cubitalis 2 wide with very small lunules. Middle cell spot is more strongly marked than in parmenides. — Bryk 
matuta. describes the race of matuta from Mount Authion, 1300 m altitude, near Sospel. $$ are as light as specimens from 
Asia Minor. Transparent band narrow and reaches to cubitalis 2, whilst submarginal band is somewhat shorter. Band 
of lunules clear but narrow. Hindmarginal spot distinct but small and sometimes absent. Triangular end cell spot 
small. Black marginal markings of hindwings reduced not extending beyond discal cell. All the usual three spots are 
distinct, excepting subcostal spot, which is only narrow and sometimes quite absent. <$<$ characterised by pale white 
