PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
27 
ra¬ 
ced. 
inclination for the two spots to converge similar to a halteres form. The $$ most resemble very dark forms 
of parmenides Fruhst. — The subsp. femora Fruhst. from Canton Glarns, the lake of Talap, Braunwald and femora. 
Slisten is described by the author as a so remarkably androtropic race that no diagnosis is necessary to 
separate it from its closely allied tergestus Fruhst. from the Canton of Uri and mixtus Fruhst. from the Valais 
district. The cell spots of the forewings are black and larger even than in carmenta and tergestus, the hyaline 
margin is narrower than in mixtus, wider than in tergestus, otherwise as in carmenta but sometimes ending at 
media 1. Hindwings sometimes with a black base spot, the black dusting of the basal area is generally more 
pronounced than in carmenta. — subsp. tergestus Fruhst. reminds one of the types of the more southern races, tergestus. 
It is from the district of Erstfeld in Canton Uri. It is chalky white, less transparent than hartmanni and has at 
the same time a narrower and shorter transparent margin of the forewings. The black cell spots are large: the 
glossy margin strongly incurved and rarely there are unimportant round white spots in it. The hindwings are 
very poor in black markings as compared with hartmanni. Common to all 9$ is the black scaling of the discal 
cell of the forewings showing all degrees from fine powdering to quite thick scaling. The transparent margin 
of the forewings extends to the anal angle, subcostal bands are present, the black hindmargin of the hindwings 
continues roixnd the cell and continuing to the anal angle making a band with the large cell end spot. A pretty 
variety of the 9 is described by Fruhstorfer as ab. subochracea. The forewings are deeply blackened with small suboch 
indications of soft yellow patches, hindwings on the other hand are dark cream coloured and underneath dull 
yellow with a striking wdde greenish anal margin. — The last of the Swdss races to be enumerated here is subsp. 
thebaida Fruhst. from the foot of the northern slopes of MteCamoghe in the Valley of Moggina in Tessin. It is thebaida. 
most closely related to cuneifer Fruhst. The wing contour of the $ is rounder, and the ground colour is yellower 
than the other Swiss <3<$. Forewings very rarely with costal spots. The discal middle spot is irregular, often 
rounded, and then again sometimes rectangular, rarely touching the lower wall of the cell. Hindwings with daik 
discal end spot. The basal area of the hindwings of both sexes powdered with grey, not deep black as for instance 
in femora, generally lighter than in mixtus. The hyaline margin more regular and narrower than in mixtus generally 
with yellowish white scaley patches. 9 ? throughout androtropic only rarely with scant and sparsely distributed 
powdering on the disc of the forewings. In the hindwings there is a small greyish subcostal spot, end cell sjxot 
and a lower cubital spot between cubitalis 1 and 2. — The races of mnemosyne flying in Italy and South France 
form a natural series of types and have as a general characteristic feature the good development of the ocelli 
spots on the hindwings, sometimes forming true ocelli. From Mte Aurunci, Gran-Sasso we have subsp. aquilensis aquilensis. 
Trti. It is smaller than comitis, which it closely resembles and also fruhstorferi. It is 33 mm. The have 
the subcostal band reaching to mediana 2 . Hindmarginal spot almost extinguished, base of cell pure and not 
dusted. On the hindwings the small cell end spot is not joined to the diffuse second anal spot. Hindmargin 
heavily blackened, more so than in fruhstorferi. The differs completely from comitis. The subcostal spot is 
missing, the end cell spot is not triangular, one-celled. Otherwise the hindwings are heavily powdered with black 
at the hind margin, fruhstorferi Trti. comes from the Sabine mountains in Abruzzia and is closely related to the fruhstorferi. 
previous form, but should be easily distinguishable from it. The thickly scaled with white with a wide trans¬ 
parent border extending just beyond media 3, submarginal band almost equally long. The cell spots are small, 
the middle one suspended contrasting strongly with the white ground colour on account of its deep black colour. 
The subcostal spot is absent or only faintly indicated. The hindwings with small end cell spot and the peculiar 
hindmarginal dusting which is characteristic of the forms from Asia Minor. — subsp. calabrica Trti. (3 d) from calabrica. 
the Aspromonte District of Calabria looks very similar to nubilosus Christ, but is nearly one third smaller in size. 
The has 5—6 white spots in the transparent margin which is very wide stretching to mediana 3. The cell spots 
in both sexes are unusually large, especially in view of the smallness of the race and at the same time they 
are intensely black. Chracteristic of the type-form is the halteres marking, separating this variety from ab. 
normalis Bryk though otherwise identical. The $$ have a transparent margin that is abt 8 mm wide and which normalis. 
stretches down to the hind margin and which is ornamented with a row of about 7 clearly defined white spots 
forming a band of lunules. On both the upper and undersides of all wings the are strongly suffused with black 
reminding one thereby of hartmanni Standfuss. Of this race Turati described ab. roseopicta which corresponds roseopicta. 
entirely with maxbarteli Bryk in regard to the position of the markings of the underside and which varies only 
through the rosey red pupilled ocelli of the hindwings. In regard to the value of the following variations of 
calabrica established by Stauder the only thing to be said is that fewer would have been better. — f. megalomanos 
Std. has all black spots nearly double normal size, almost as large as in gigantea Stgr., also the upper side of the 
hindwings shows deep black which is not diffused. — f. turatii Std. shows the black markings of the upper and turatii. 
underside of the hindwings from the base to costa continuously united by a convergence all spots. — ab. puncti- punctili- 
lineata shows diminished cell spots which form an oblique line of spots. — A ab. ovalimacula has the end cell . ueata. 
spot in the form of a large crescent which joins up with a similarly formed middle cell spot creating a large black i a 
oval mark the edges of which always touch the wall of the cell. — Inf. aspersa the middle cell spot is divided up aspersa. 
into a number of small spots and points, sometimes as many as 8 . — f. addenda has an additional spot which addenda. 
is quite clearly marked lying on the hindmargin of the forewings. — In f. mandarina the shape of the hindwings mandarina. 
so varies on both sides that it appears symmetrically almost pentagonal. — When the outer edge of the fore wings 
is falcate it is called falcata and when the hindmargin of the hindwings is not rounded as in normal specimens falcata. 
megaloma¬ 
nos. 
