26 
PARNASSIUS. By C'hr. Bollow. 
yellowish ground colour, the transparent margin is wide and pronounced with striking isolated subcostal spots 
in the forewings. The outer margin only occasionally delicately powdered with black. The cell spots are 
relatively small and as the cell is not filled out with black as in hartmanni the yellowish anterior area encircled 
by black, which is so characteristic of this race cannot develop in lysandra. A further race from the Algauer 
■Irena. Alps which is very close to korbi Bryk is subsp. irena Fruhst. The <$<$ have rounder wings and a purer white 
ground colour than hartmanni and lysandra. The hyaline margin is narrower and shows whitish submarginal 
sprinklings as in ariovistus and batava Fruhst. Characteristic are the large irregular almost starshaped black cell 
spots of the forewings, which with their dentate points look as if they had been torn out and stuck on. Sometimes 
these spots are joined up through these protruding points uniting and forming small connecting bands. The 2 
reminds one of tergestus and symphorus Fruhst., as irena has similar large, widely spread cell spots of the 
forewings. There are two forms: firstly a form with forewings covered completely with black dustings, where 
the cell of the hindwings remains yellowish white, secondly a form with forewings only slightly suffused, but 
where the hindwing cell is almost completely covered with black dust having an almost unsealed distal patch. 
The first form approaches the hartmanni of Reichenhall and the Salzburger district, whilst the latter connects 
up with the races of mid and southern Switzerland. — Verity establishes a race called helvetica without giving 
any specific locality and without any definition and which can at the best be termed a “ supersubspecies" name 
excelm. for all the Swiss races, but what sense would this have? At the same time his race excelsa Vrty. from Mount 
Cenis should be admitted. This is a high Alpine form, the TT are with little marking. The transparent margin 
is very wide running to a point and clearly luniform. The cell spots are fairly pronounced. The discoidal spot 
oval elongated, suspended. In the hindwings a small half-celled cell end spot. Hindmarginal black marking 
extending slightly into the discal cell. $$ are richly marked. The very wide transparent margin extends to 
the hindmargin. The subcostal spot is strong reaching to media 2 , hindmarginal spot only indistinctly indicated. 
In the hindwings the costal spot clearly united with the almost square two-celled end cell spot. Anal spots large 
and joined up loosely by a few scales with the end cell spot. Hindmargin heavily marked with black scarcely 
benacensis. extending beyond the edge of the cell. — subsp. benacensis Duerck from the district of Mte. Baldo on the Garda 
Lake measures on the average 57 mm (T) — 58 mm ($). The race is distinguishable by its intense, close pure 
white scaling which in the $ resembles ivorywhite and the consequent clearcut contrasting markings. The 
transparent border of the forewings is wide running straight in T to media 3, then decreasing at a sharp angle 
to V 3 rd at cubitalis 1 , in $ on the other hand it continues equally wide to cubitalis 2 or even as far as the 
hindmargin. In the transparent margin in both sexes there is a continuous row of white crescents ( lunulae ) 
which are more or less sharply outlined and which can converge forming a submarginal band. Besides this the 
transparent margin is powdered thinly with black scales. The discoidal spot is rectangular, the cell end spot 
is cordiform with point towards the base often inclining towards a halteres form. In To the subcostal spot is 
sometimes absent, sometimes distinctly developed, whilst in the $ it is always present, often forming a subcostal 
band stretching to media 2 . In the $ there is often an indefinite black hindmarginal spot on the forewings. 
The hindmargin of hindwings is scaled like cuneijer Fruhst. In the $ usually also a lappet shaped upper cubital 
spot. Further often a subcostal spot often uniting with cell end spot as well as with anal spot thereby forming 
a band. Just as often however these spots remain separated and isolated. - - A beautiful race from the Valais 
mia-tus. occurring from the Rhone Valley to the Simplon, at Berisal and the Loetschen Valley is named subsp. mixtus 
Fruhst. As the name already indicates nearly all the marking and colour combinations are repeated in this 
race such as are known in the Swiss races with the exception of the melahyaline dark shading typical of tergestus, 
although in rare cases this also occurs. The T has larger cell spots on the forewings than femora and tergestus. 
The TT are: interesting having the distal area of the veins of the hindwings darkened and a black costal spot 
analogous to hartmanni Stdjs. There are several varieties of $ frequently the costal spot unites with the discal 
end spot on the hindwings, whilst in T cell spots sometimes combine ( halteres form). Especially noticeable are 
the §§ in which the dark hyaline areas contrast with the yellowish ground colour. On these areas the black 
spots stand out closely knit and glossy. There are also $2 in which the cell of the hindwings is almost complet¬ 
ely darkened, where however nevertheless the distal area retains its yellowish ground colour. Finally there 
are also androtropic and one can say that in regard to varieties mixtus beats all other Swiss races. -— subsp. 
sire, sire Bryk from Macugnaga belongs to the smaller races, distinguishable by the truncate apex. The $$ are a 
mixture of calabrica and pyrenaica Trti. The transparent band reaches to hindmargin tapering off gradually. 
The subcostal band reaches to media 2 , frequently being prolonged weakly by a stroke to media 3. Hindmarginal 
spot strongly developed. The TT have no lunidae on the forewings. The subcostal spot leans on the end cell 
spot, which is very small, almost only a streak. Discoidal spot elongated and suspended. In the hindwings all 
three spots are present. The end cell spot is pronounced stretching one and a half cells. The shading at the 
base and at hindmargin is unusually heavy. Frithstorfer received from the Valais a form with strikingly 
symphorus. rounded wing shape which he named symphorus. The TT have a transparent border stretching to the middle 
and decorated with small white spots. The black cell spots are only small and rounded. In the hindwings there 
is a small delicate cell end spot and only a narrow blackening of the hindmargin. In the $ one is struck by the 
deep black marking at base and the remarkably strongly developed cell spots, especially the bold middle cell spot 
which fills out the whole of the middle area, of the cell forming a band and at the same time there is an 
