PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
23 
that they are at once discernible by it from the extreniest albinotic silesiacus which are very similarly marked 
but always abundantly powdered. On the hindwing there is sometimes only a black cell-end spot and an 
isolated subanal spot, occasionally these maculae are confluent forming a considerable broad, distinctly defined 
band, fasseliana is much smaller than the Silesian and Eastern Bohemian races, the $$ show a darkening 
of the forewing never occurring in subsp. bohemien Brylc, approaching, however, in but very few cases the 
melanotic Silesians. — A few other races of the ariovistus- circle are grouped around the Moravian subsp. 
demaculatus Fruhst. Large lepidoptera with an expanse of wings of about 52 mm in the <$<$, and 50—52 mm demacula- 
in the §9. The males exhibit a light white ground-colour with a very feeble yellowish tint and very few black 
markings. They are characterized by the absence of the hyaline subcostal spot and the remarkably narrow 
and small discal spots of the forewing. The hyaline margin extends to the centre. On the hindwing the black 
anal-marginal colouring extends a little into the discal cell and then to the anal angle. The cell-end spot is 
mostly absent. The are somewhat darker, the hyaline margin of the forewing is more projecting, the 
cellular spots are larger and blacker, a pale costal spot is present. —- From Gross-Woselc on the Elbe in Bohemia 
Bryk describes another subsp. bohemien (= subsp. bohemicus Fruhst.). A decidedly androtropic race. The <$<$ bohemien. 
chiefly exhibit the “Intacta”-stage, rarely a monocellular cell-end spot occurs. Subcostal spot and often both 
the anal spots are absent. On the forewing the band of lunular spots is very rarely absent. The subcostal 
spot is monocellular or extinct. The females exhibit in the hyaline margin a row of more or less light spots; 
the submarginal band enclosing the lunar band sometimes occurs shortened as in the $, and only extends to 
the third median. The little subcostal band is likewise shortened. Cell-end spot small, discal cellular spot 
roundish and suspended. Hindwing without the anal-marginal spot. — subsp. litavia Bryk, from the Leitha litavia. 
Mts., is very closely allied to bohemien and mesoleucus Fruhst. Rather a large and light race. The males with 
a band of lunar spots, the submarginal band extends only to mediana 3, whilst the hyaline margin reaches to 
the cubital vein 2 or a little beyond it. Subcostal spot present, small, the cell-end spot small, triangular, with 
the point inward, discal cellular spot oval and free. Hindwing with hardly any black markings, only the anal 
margin scaled blackish as far as the discal cell. The $$ are marked differently from mesoleucus and vary rather 
much. — subsp. mesoleucus Fruhst., from the Tatra and the Carpathian Mts., has hitherto been much disputed, mesoleucus. 
but it is very well separable and well characterized. The A A have uncommonly large cellular spots, the small 
costal band is tricellular. The hyaline margin is broad and extends to the cubital vein 2. In the hindwing 
the cell-end spot is present, moderately large, not attached. The anal-marginal blackening is extended a 
little to the base of the discal cell and mostly reaches to the cubital vein 2. The females show somewhat 
feebler markings on the forewings, whereas on the hindwing the cell-end spot forms a band with the anal spot, 
and this band is confluent with the anal-marginal blackening. The discal cell in the basal third and beyond 
it blackened. In Silesia, especially in the mountain-districts subsp. silesiacus Fruhst. occurs in many places, silesiacus. 
The <$<$ are light-coloured with a broad hyaline margin extending to the centre of the wing. The cellular spots 
are black and small. In the hindwing the cell-end spot is marked blackish, and the anal margin is but narrowly 
blackened. Much more darkened are the females; specimens occur in which the whole forewings are entirely 
darkened except slight traces of white in the disc, like the hindwings, too, which besides exhibit a more or less 
strongly developed costal spot, as well as a submarginal notched band. The cell-end spot is frequently 
connected with the anal angle like a band (= melaina Hour.). — Another demaculatus-iovm is var. grossei grossei. 
Bryk, from Eastern Galicia, the Zlota-Lipa Valley, around Hodow. This is a feebly marked androtropic race. 
The <$<$ as a rule belong to the intacta-iovm, rarely the discal spot is present in the hindwing, the subcostal spot 
almost invariably extinct. Anal margin little blackened, the anal spot being mostly absent or diffuse. In the 
forewing the hyaline band extends taperingly beyond the 1st cubital vein. Spots moderately developed, 
subcostal spot sometimes absent (= ab. benancleri Bryk), discal cellular spot oblong, posteriorly not touching 
the cell-wall. The $$ only very rarely with an anal-marginal spot in the fore wing. The small subcostal band 
reaches to the median vein 2. The hyaline band sometimes extends to the anal margin, but more frequently 
than in the <$. The hindwing is very scantily marked. Subcostal spot almost invariably absent; if aberratively 
present, only strigiform, Anal spots bicellular, otherwise as in the <$. — Bryk describes another race from 
the surroundings of Strij in Galicia, which he denominates schillei according to the discoverer. It seems, schillei. 
however, to be too little founded for the present to be acknowledged as a race, it might perhaps be placed as an 
aberration to grossei. — subsp. thaleia Fruhst., from the Kaiser Mts. in the Tyrol, is the last race belonging thaleia. 
to the demaculatus- group. It corresponds to the very similar race cuneifer Fruhst. which, however, already 
belongs to the following hartmanni- group. The differ in much smaller and shorter black cellular spots and 
a broader hyaline margin of the forewing. The hindwing only exceptionally shows a black cell-end spot which 
occurs regularly in cuneifer. The $ is entirely androtropic, and thalia represents a purely white local race even 
in the $. Basal and distal black dusting entirely absent. In the forewing the jet-black, almost roundish cellular 
spots are conspicuously contrasting with the ground-colour of the wing. The hyaline margin is shorter and 
lighter than in cuneifer-, hindwing with typical cuneifer- spots. The spots, however, are less intense and invariably 
smaller than in South-Tyrolese specimens. — The races grouped around hartmanni Stdfss. are well characterized. 
They are alpine forms with abundantly marked males and still darker or entirely black scaled females. A 
condition-form of the $ belonging to subsp. hartmanni (Vol. I, p. 20), ab. umbratilis Fruhst., from Kufstein umbratilis. 
