99 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
mities observed in ugrjvmovi Bryk are denomined by Bryk as f. symplecta *). — In ab . enderleini Bryk the 
third radial vein rises from the united radial -f- 1 st median branches. — In ab. spuleri Bryk the radial vein 2 is 
only rudimentary. — In B ab. rebeli Bryk the two lower median veins (media 2 and 3) of the forewing and 
hindwing rise from the lower cell angle. —- In $ ab. reuterides Bryk , on the left side of the hindwing a surplus 
fragmental vein rises from the 1 st median branch. —- In f. schulzei Bryk the media 3 is forked in the forewing. 
- Between the cubital vein 1 and 2 there is yet a surplus vein. This may occur both in the fore wing and 
hindwing and is denominated: intercubitalis Bryk (= antintercubitalis Bryk). — If all the 4 wings show a 
forked cubital vein, it is ab. kolari Bryk] if it is only the case in the hindwing, it is ab. krulikowskyi Bryk. — 
Lepidoptera in which the disc of the hindwing is not closed are f. sergeji Bryk. — In ab. bemmeleni Bryk the 
discal cell is open, and in the monstrous and likewise superfluously named ab. euclidiana Bryk the antennal 
club is pointed Sphingid-like. 
If one has the opportunity of elaborating a really copious material of the newly established subspecies 
and races, one gains the conviction that most of them can be identified also without the label of their patria. 
Six main groups or circles of forms can be set up, the first containing races grouped around ariovistus. x411 of 
ariovistus. them exhibit the light marking in the males and females. - ariovistus Fruhst. (3 e), from Southern Wrrtemberg, 
the Donau Valley, Ulm, is a large very significant race of the general mnemosyne- type. The males are light 
insects, not resembling the dark hartmanni and are somewhat smaller than the latter. In the hyaline margin 
of the forewing there are frequently some small white maculae. The $$ are more like subsp. hartmanni, because 
they are relatively dark, but they always adhere to the type of ariovistus and are much lighter, also in the darkest 
specimens, than the lightest hartmanni -$$. — From Ratisbon to the Austrian frontier beyond Passau we meet 
batava. with a likewise very large race, batava Fruhst. The males are of a pure white ground-colour, the $$ pronoun¬ 
cedly androtropic and with very scanty markings. The transcellular costal spot of the forewing is always badly 
developed in the q and $. Between the radial veins of the SB and the median branches of the 9$ there are 
white intranerval interspersions recalling athene Stichel. The hyaline margin of the males is square and more 
slanting and broader than in the females. —- Another representative of the ariovistus- circle has penetrated as 
ultrabella. far as Schaffhausen, in the North-Eastern Swiss Jura; it is subsp. ultrabella Fruhst. The females are likewise 
chiefly androtropic, and dark forms seem to be quite absent. It constantly differs from ariovistus in the broader 
hyaline margin of the forewing which is always shorter. The cell-end spot of the hindwing mostly forms a band 
hassicus. with the anal spots. — subsp. hassicus Pag., from the Vogelsberg, generally shows in the and $ the same light 
type, it is of a somewhat dull white slightly darkened ground-colouring. The males exhibit a darkened hyaline 
margin being broad above, tapering and disappearing towards the centre of the wing. The upper cellular spot 
of the forewing is jet-black, almost triangular, its point downward, the middle cellular spot roundish. The 
black inner-marginal colour penetrates a little into the ground of the cell and extends almost to the anal angle, 
encompassing the cell at its lower edge. The veins are somewhat dusted blackish from the direction of the 
margin. No other spots. The 0 $ exhibit darker dusting. The broad hyaline margin of the forewing extends 
to the anal angle and its lower portion shows three white spots increasing in size downward. The grey submarginal 
band reaches to the apex of the discal cell which shows two jet-black oblong cellular spots. In the hindwing 
the posterior margin is broadly blackened, and the blackish cell-end spot is often united with the anal-marginal 
spot forming an uninterrupted band. Sometimes also a faded subcostal spot occurs, and there are females 
showing a tendency to subsp. hartmanni with very dark forewings and a darkened basal third and distal margin 
of the hindwing. Characteristic of the race is the siegelli- condition. Size $ 56—58 mm, $ 55 -60 mm. — The 
hercynia- next representative of the German mnemosyne occurs in the Harz: subsp. hercynianus Pag. They are lepidoptera 
m<s. Q f mec q um s i ze , ^ 55 nim, $ 48 mm; the <§£ show a conspicuous white ground-colour. They approach the 
Swedish forms, with a broad hyaline distal margin of the forewing, which however only reaches to centre of the 
wing and mostly bears five small white spots arranged like a band. The interior edge of the hyaline margin 
is slightly undulated. The discal end spot is deep dark black, of an irregular shape, the discal middle spot is 
more roundish, sometimes smaller and then quite round. Hindwing with a very broadly black-scaled anal 
margin and another small black discal end spot, as well as traces of anal spots. In the smaller females the 
hyaline distal margin of the forewing extends almost to the anal angle, the submarginal band to the apex of 
the cell. The black discal spots are smaller than in the <$■ Anal-marginal spot dull black. On the hindw'ng 
the cell is enclosed by the basal black scaling and likewise accompanied by a narrow macular band extending 
from the cell-apex to the anal angle, and separated by narrow light ground-colour from the anal-marginal 
fasseliana. blackening. — subsp. fasseliana Fruhst. flies in the Erzgebirge, Northern Bohemia (Strobnitz near Ossegg) 
and forms an interesting transition from the darker Central German races of the Harz and Vogelsberg to the 
large light Bohemian — Moravian -— Hungarian group of races. It is smaller than silesiacus, with rounder 
wings. The margin of the forewing is shorter though extended farther beyond mediana 1 . The black dusting- 
on the hindwing is moderate, now and then there are slight accumulations of scales outside the discal cell. The 
$2 are generally androtropic, and the light $$ are so little powdered with blackish-grey on the fore wing 
*) No zoologist- would ever dream of denominating a sheep with two heads or deformed legs. 
