14 
PAPILIO. By Dr. K. von Rosen. 
semistri- forewing. — In semistrigata S tatter m. the median band of the hindwing is angularly broken, ending at the cell-end. 
— spoliatus Schultz lacks the median bands 4 and 4 a. — imipunctata Guss. Instead of the transverse stripe, 
as in pluslineatus Vrty. only a black dot. 
The same what has been said of the geographical forms of machaon on the whole refers also to podalirius 
which, however, does not rise to such altitudes in the mountains and has a less extensive range. It is absent 
in the north of Europe inclusive of Great Britain and in vast parts of Eastern Asia. To the north of the Alps 
there occurs generally but one generation which often flies for a long time. Only to the south of the Alps 
we regularly meet with a 2nd generation which distinctly differs from the mostly smaller spring-generation 
in the absence of the frontal tuft, the light-dusted abdomen and the lighter colouring of the wings. The 
podalirius- races may be divided into 4 groups. The first group (podalirius-type) comprises the forms from 
Central Europe to Central Asia, the second (zanclaeus- type) those of the Mediterranean zone without the Iberian 
Peninsula and North Africa, thus the Mediterranean countries from Southern France to Persia and Western 
Turkestan; a sharp separation of these two groups is impossible. The third group (feisthameli-type), from Spain 
and North Africa, has already changed so much that some authors such as V erity and Oberthur regard it to 
belong to a separate species; I myself am not of this opinion. Quite isolated is the representative of the fourth 
group ( podalirinus) from West China, which is separated by vast districts from the next range of the species 
(in Eastern Central Asia). - A very hairy alpine form with extensive black colouring, short tails and a 
light yellowish anal spot was first described from the Engadine, but it also occurs in other parts of the northern 
inalpina. Alps: inalpina Vrty. — zanclaeides Vrty. refers to the 2nd generation of the less hot countries (e. g. Lombardy), 
^vcdcsiaca w ^ ere the zanclaeus- type has not yet fully developed. — valesiaca Vrty. (= zanclaeides Vrty. p. p., aestiva 
Fuchs), described from the Wallis, is said to be a most variable species, the second generation of which is said 
to be very similar to zanclaeus Zell. ( zanclaeus was first described from Sicily) though with the body of the 1st 
plenisshna. generation; hereto belongs as the 1st generation pSenissima Vrty. (type from Meran), being larger and yellower 
elongaia. than Central-European podalirius. — elongata Vrty. are small, very white specimens of the 2nd generation with 
intermedia, very much extended hindwings, described from Herkulesbad. intermedia Gruncl (2nd generation), from 
Croatia and Slavonia (similar specimens probably also in Dalmatia) and from Bosnia to Albania, is a transition 
to zanclaeus. (In some years also a third generation is said to occur, approximating more the 1st generation.) - 
creta. The very large summer specimens from Greece, of a bright colouring, are called creta Vrty. — From Asia Minor 
Jeechi. are the following races: leechi Vrty., habitat not exactly stated, described to be very small and dark with short 
nigrovenata. tails, recalling feisthamelii; - nigrovetiata Ver., the 2nd generation from Brussa with rounded forewings, ground¬ 
colour especially of hindwings intensely yellowish, with broad and dark black bands, black veins, especially 
pcrsica. prominent beneath, a larger eyespot than in podalirius, likewise similar to feisthamelii. persica Vrty. with 
very long extended wings, tails at the end broad white, black bands darker. From Gulek in Persia (1). — The 
flaccidus. form with one generation from Eastern Russia (Gov. Wjatka and Kasan), flaccidus Krul., is larger and paler 
than Central-European podalirius, with longer tails, dark abdomen, and a frontal tuft. The next race from 
centralasiae . Tian-Shian, centralasiae subsp. nov. (= juldussica Bang-H. i. 1.) (3 b) (according to specimens from the beginning 
to the middle of June from the lower forest-zone of the mountains to the north of Dcharkent in the Hi District) 
is small, yellowish, with intense black bands on both wings, the 3rd and 4th after the basal band (bands 
6 and 8 according to Eimer) approach each other at the costal margin and enclose a gate-like yellow area as 
far as the median vein. It may be an alpine form with one generation with all the marks of the 1st generation. 
miegii. - miegii TJi.-M., based upon the 1st generation from North Spain, is prominently distinguished from Soutli- 
Spanish and African feisthamelii Hup. (= maura Vrty.) by the straight distal margin of the forewing. In 
Spain and North Africa there occur now and then specimens exhibiting a return to the podalirius- type. Verity 
described such a presumable hybrid between feisthamelii and podalirius from the mountains of Grenada as 
feisiharneli- feisthamelides. — primularis Oberth. is a specimen of the African summer generation lotteri Aust. with a yellow 
des. j n cy ea d of bluish ground-colour. — A very striking specimen very similar to podalirius is interieeta Vrty., from 
primularis. “ * ° 1 1 ~ ° 
interjecta. Tanger (?); this name originally was to designate the 1st generation of podalirius from hot districts. 
eurous. P. eurous Leech. The genuine eurous eurous Leech is very common in Central China and particularly 
cashmiren- West China; cashmirensis Bothsch. (Vol. I, pi. 8 b) belongs to it as a subspecies. panopaea Nic. is the form 
s?s. f rom Tseku. As large as eurous Leech and similarly coloured, but, as in sikkimica Heron, it lacks the black 
panopaea. ° «-• 
median band on the hindwing above, and the three black distal bands are here but feebly developed. 
glycerion P. glycerion Gray. The common West Chinese race is mandarinus Oberth. (Vol. I, pi. 8 a, b). The 
median band of the hindwing is sometimes absent above. The $ does not differ from the <J. 
tamerlanus. P. tamerlanus Oberth. Particularly common in Szechwan and the adjoining Tibet, the $ being very 
rare. In Vol. I (pi. 8 a) not recognizably figured. The species is separated from alebion Gray (3 b) especially by 
its larger size, the broader and more yellowish wings, as well as the narrower and more uniformly broad median 
band of the hindwing (whilst in alebion it is broad at the costal margin and then gradually narrows down), 
incertus 0. Bang-H. shows the space between the 8th and 9th bands of the forewing (the submarginal band) 
gata. 
spoliatus. 
unipunc- 
tata. 
incertus. 
