10 
PAPILIO. By Dr. K. yon Rosen. 
lapponica. 
gorganus. 
aestivalis. 
alpica. 
bigenerata. 
aestivalis. 
emisphyrus. 
vermis. 
aestivus. 
usticensis. 
gigantea. 
cypria. 
maxima. 
angulata. 
maureta- 
nica. 
xantlioso- 
ma. 
syriaca. 
oreinus. 
orientis. 
amurensis. 
ussuriensis. 
sachalinen- 
sis. 
septentrio- 
nalis. 
hippocrati- 
des. 
chinensis. 
neochinen- 
sis. 
erebennis. 
everesti. 
aliena. 
biguttata. 
flavoin-. 
spersa. 
machaoni- 
des. 
subrubicun- 
da. 
Solaris. 
and even Rumania. - From Lapland a large, very pale form with short tails and reduced black marking was 
described as lapponica Vrty. — The Central-European form (= machaon Esp., Hbn.) was separated as gorganus 
Fruhst. (= bojorum Fruhst.). The name of the second generation is: aestivalis Shelj. (= sphyroides Vrty., rogeri 
Shelj.) — Specimens from alpine districts with one generation are denominated: alpica Vrty., with short tails, 
a small anal eyespot, the dark submarginal band not being dentate. - Verity named the race from the southern 
parts of Central Europe bigenerata; he described it from specimens from the Vendee, but also mentions them 
from the Cottic Alps (Oidx). It is larger than emisphyrus Vrty., the wings are said to be more oblong, the distal 
margin more curved, the veins less black on the disc, and the bands narrower and with a more curved distal 
margin. The paler 2nd generation of it was named: aestivalis Vrty. - emisphyrus Vrty. which we mentioned 
above is said to be characteristic of Central Italy, and meridionalis Rocci of Southern Italy. — It we want to 
separate also the Sicilian form, the name vernus Zell, has the priority for the 1st generation, and aestivus Zell 
for the summer-generation. sphyrus Hbn. was probably figured from a Sicilian specimen of the 1st generation; 
this name has caused much confusion and it is best to cancel it. In the little island of Ustica near Sicily a 
particularly dark form is said to occur: usticensis Rocci, similar specimens seem to occur also in Capri. gigantea 
is the very large 2nd generation from the Adria and the Balkans. Specimens of the 3nd generation, according 
to Stauder, resemble more the 1st generation. A small, very light <J with pointed wings, from Uskub, which 
may be only a late emerged specimen of the 2nd generation, is somewhat similar to the still much smaller ab. 
immaculata Vrty., which Verity considered to belong to a separate race cypria Vrty. Before me there are 
specimens of the 1st generation from Cyprus, which differ in no way from Macedonian ones and those from Asia 
Minor or from Rhodes I. In Malta the 2nd generation exhibits a very broad submarginal band beneath with a 
strongly dentate inner margin, frequently edged with reddish. The 1st to 2nd and last yellow marginal spots 
sometimes with orange colouring. — The North-African forms of machaon are divided by Rothschild into 
three different races — maxima Vrty. is the large form from Morocco, first described from Tanger, with its 
summer generation: angulata Vrty. The usual Algerian form is mauretanica Vrty., whilst the clesert-form was 
already mentioned in Vol. I as saharae Oberth. Tripolitanian specimens with an almost light abdomen above, 
belonging to the 2nd generation, were named xanthosoma Trti. — The Syrian form of the 2nd generation is 
syriaca Vrty. (= aestivus Eim.). In Turkestan machaon occurs in very different forms; we cannot yet decide 
about these races. The differences may be chiefly due to the great differences of altitude. According to 
Sheljtjzhko the 2nd generation belongs to centralis Stgr., whilst he describes the alpine form probably having 
but one generation as oreinus Shelj. with the typical habitat of Naryn. oreinus is said to occur also in the 
Tienshan, the Alai and Sarafshan, and probably in the western and southern parts of Pamir, whereas the 
eastern part of Pamir is already inhabited by ladalcensis Moore (Vol. I, pi. 6 c). The small dark alpine form 
with short tails, from Sajan, was named orientis Vrty., similar specimens fly in Taunuola and the Eastern 
Siberian mountains. — amurensis Vrty., from the Amur, is above similar to the common machaon, beneath to 
chinensis Vrty. It may be that the North-Chinese specimens also belong to it. The large 2nd generation from 
the Ussuri District and Manchuria is named ussuriensis Shelj.-, here there occur specimens with a distinct black 
streak separating the blue portion of the anal eyespot from the red one. In Sakhalin we already find a tran¬ 
sition to hippocrates Fldr.: sachalinensis Mats. (3 a). The North Japanese race from the Hokkaido, being 
smaller and lighter than hippocrates, was described as septentrionalis Vrty. The spring-generation of the real 
hippocrates, which it only resembles beneath, whilst above it is more like machaon, is named now: hippocratides 
Vrty. — From the Japanese southern island, Shikoku, Martin mentions a specimen of the spring-form with 
remarkably dark, broad bands. Specimens of the 2nd generation, from Central China (Prov. of Hupe), are 
already very similar to the race described from Western Szechwan, chinensis Vrty., the colouring of which is 
above much lighter (centralis) and beneath similar to hippocrates. The much darker 1st generation from 
Tatsienlu was named fieochinensis Shelj. which may be identical with the race verityi Fruhst. (= archias Fruhst.) 
already described in Vol. IX, though the black partition-streak in the anal eyespot is not always present. A 
melanotic specimen was named erebennis Oberth. We must probably distinguish also here between the alpine 
forms with one generation and those from the lower countries with two generations. The alpine race from the 
Rongbuk Glacier, captured by the Mt. Everest Expedition at an altitude of 15 to 17 000 ft. is intermediary 
between asiatica and sikkimensis, = everesti Riley. 
P. hospiton On. (Vol. I, pi. 6 a). aliena Schultz is an aberration with very short tails, more slender wings, 
and such a broad dark band of the hindwing, that it touches the cell; biguttata Schultz corresponds to the form 
bimaculata Eim. of machaon-. in flavoinspersa Vrty. the blue colour of the band of the hindwing is almost entirely 
replaced by yellow scales; macliaonides Vrty. refers to specimens forming a transition to machaon-, subrubicunda 
Schultz exhibits red scales on the foremost yellow marginal luna of the hindwing, sometimes also on the last 
marginal luna and on the inside of the dark submarginal band; Solaris Fischer is very aberrative, the forewing 
lacks the forked cellular spot, the submarginal band is much narrower, on the forewing strongly reduced along 
the veins, so that there is a black, blue-centred wedge on each yellow luna, and beneath a corresponding reduction 
of the black marking, the black marginal band being altogether broken up. Verity assumes a frequently 
occurring cross-breed with machaon, but he cannot prove it. Standfuss obtained a 2nd generation in August 
from Sardinian larvae. 
