Pull. SO. IV. 1920. 
PAPILIO. By Dr. K. von Rosen. 
2nd generation. - comma Stdtterm. shows almost the w hole cell of the hindwing margined with black. - In 
concavifasciatus Cuno the black submarginal band of the forewing shows on the proximal side distally projecting 
bows. — In convexifasciatus Cuno these bows project inward. confluens Schultz exhibits the two costal spots 
of the forewing fused into a broad spot along the costal margin. - coronis Reuss. The black submarginal band 
of the forewing has here whitish-grey and blue scales. - cyanatus Stdtterm. The cell-end spot of the hindwing 
and the submarginal band are scaled blue. delunulata Stdtterm. (= demaculata Stdtterm.) is a combination 
of immaculata Schultz and tenuivittata Speng. demaculata Schultz' nec Stdtterm. Here the interior black costal 
spot is merely a very narrow streak. — diapliorus Cab. refers to 1 ^ with jet-black bands slightly dusted with 
yellow, in the marginal band of the forewing there are tiny, yellow , oblong submarginal spots. Ground-colour 
very pale yellow, the cell-end streak 3 mm distant from the black band, moreover the two sides not quite equal. 
Name entirely dispensable. - In dilobatus 'Cab. the yellow spots project lobately, under the cell-end streak, 
into the black marginal band and their apices approach the blue embedment as near as 2 mm. — diffusa Rocci 
has remained unknown to me. — In dissoluta Schultz (= fenestrella Cuno) the cell of the hindwing shows a 
double black streak at the cross-bar. eminens Schultz. The submarginal band, especially on the hindwing, 
as well as the black marginal band and the tails are lustrous blue. erardi Manon has a yellowish-grey ground¬ 
colour and is somewhat transparent. — estrigata Witsche lacks the dark streak of the cell on the hindwing at 
the cross-bar. — In exocellata Cab. the red anal spot is hazy. — flammata Blach. owes its name to the orange 
linguiform spots, which sometimes exhibit blue irroration and rest on the inside of the curvatures of the black 
bands on the hindwing. — ferenigra Speng. On the upper surface the costal area of the forewing, on the lower 
surface the whole forewing and pa.rt of the hindwing are irrorated with black. In incompleta Masl., on the 
upper surface, the upper one of the yellow crescentiform spots in the black distal band is absent. - intacta 
Shelj. is an immaculatus, the anal eyespot of which above has no black margin and hardly any blue irroration. 
In melanostica Rev. the cell inside shows a black stripe which does not rest on a yellow ground, but is still 
distinctly prominent, whereby it recalls alexanor. — In nebeskii Albert there is a black lentiform spot between 
the basal spot and the median cellular spot in the cell of the forewing, 
refers to a specimen of niger Reutti with a distinct red-brown anal spot. 
The name niger-rubripundatus Guth. 
— Of niger 9 specimens are known so 
far. — nigrociliata Stdtterm. is darker, with reduced yellow colour and black fringes of the wings. —- noviessignata 
Uffeln refers to specimens in which there are 9 instead of 8 yellow marginal lunae. In oudemansi Strd. the 
submarginal yellow spots, especially in the forewing, are so much widened that they form a yellow band of 
nearly 4 mm width, which is nearly fused with the margin; the anal eyespot is large, light hemochrome. - 
pallida Tutt are specimens with a very pale ground-colour. punctoclavalus Cab. is on the forewings like the form 
bimaculatus, on the hindwings like clavatus, but still less marked. rubroanalis Stdtterm. lacks the blue in the 
anal spot of the hindwing, beneath there is slight white dusting. - rufa Picnneau has intense red spots on the 
wings beneath. - rufopunctata Wheel. (= rubromaculata Schultz, castini Lamb.) has red spots on the hindwing 
above - In seminigra Oberth. the black bands above are very much expanded and partly fused. In sphyroides 
Krul. the black band of the hinclwing is very near to the cell-end streak. - spuleri Fischer (— latevittata Vrty.) 
shows the dark submarginal band very much widened. symmelanus Lamb, is a C in which the black cellular 
spot is fused with the next costal for a long distance. - tenuiniargina^ta Stdtterm. (= tenuivittata Speng.) shows 
very narrow submarginal bands, particularly on the hindwing. tristis Lamb, is based upon a very small 
(60 mm) pale specimen with a dull ochreous anal eyespot, the spots in the black band of the hindwing being 
more grey than blue. In tristis Stdtterm. the band of the forewing is mostly dusty yellowish not blue. 
In xanthophthalma the anal eyespot is reddish-yellow. Besides all these forms there are others yet 
with deviations in the veins, such as lunatica BryJc and spengeli Reiff, as well as artificially produced forms 
such as the paradoxa Brings from the hot season (yellow submarginal spots very large, in some places in a double 
row, dark submarginal band removed inwards). 
comma. 
concavifas¬ 
ciatus. 
convexifas¬ 
ciatus. 
confluens. 
coronis. 
cyanatus. 
delunulata. 
demaculata. 
dilobatus. 
diffusa. 
dissoluta. 
eminens. 
erardi. 
estrigata. 
exocellata. 
flammata. 
ferenigra. 
incompleta. 
intacta. 
melanostica 
nebeskii. 
niger-rubri- 
punctatus. 
nigrociliata. 
noviessig¬ 
nata. 
oudemansi. 
pallida. 
puncto- 
clavatus. 
rubroanalis. 
rufa. 
rufopunc¬ 
tata. 
seminigra. 
sphyroides. 
spuleri. 
symmela¬ 
nus. 
tenui- 
marginata. 
tristis. 
xanthoph- 
ilnalma. 
machacn shows a very slight tendency to forming constant geographical races, and our knowledge in 
this respect is still very insufficient. In North America (excepting Alaska) we do not find the same species 
anymore, for zolicaon Bsd., in my opinion, does no more belong specifically to machaon, in spite of the slight 
differences in the structure of the sexual organs. Moreover, it is only in Corsica and Sardinia that a form, 
hospitcn Guen., has developed, which may be regarded as a distinct species. ( machaon which partly flies at 
the same places will probably have immigrated later on.) It is very interesting that just the North-African 
race saharae Oberth. (= hospitonides Oberth.) has a larva similar to hospiton. This is another proof again of the 
old age of the Tyrrhenic Islands and their close relations to North Africa, in accordance with the latest faunistic 
discoveries. P. machaon is excellent on the wing, so that the individuals from even far remote districts may 
interbreed. Another difficulty for recognizing local forms is shown by the differences of the generations, which 
are only very slight in Central Europe. Hardly any of the authors of local forms have paid attention to whether 
the form has one or two generations (in some districts there even occurs a third generation); they often did not 
possess both the generations from the same habitat. For all these reasons many of such recently described 
geographical forms are to be regarded very cautiously. Frtxhstorfer considered as typical machaon L. the 
pale North-European form, its typical patria being Sweden. Similar specimens, however, fly also in Poland 
Supplementary Volume 1 2 
