PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
61 
graphica Stick, and decora Schultz occur frequently and with copious red in the anal spots which often have also 
an additional amplius-maculata spot. The latter and also the additional spot are particularly richly scaled with 
red on the underside. —■ On the lower reaches of the valley of Schnals Belling found a race which he called 
venustus varying from the high altitude form plirynius of the Oetz valley. It is more stately, the expanding venustus. 
67—68 mm and the $$ 70—74 mm being of elongated wing contour. The ground colour of the <$<$ is light with 
heavy scaling, hyaline margin of the forewings 5 mm wide reaching to cubitalis 2 as also does the distinctly 
separated submarginal band. The black marking is heavily developed, hindmarginal spot round. The black 
marking of base and hindmargin encircles the cell and penetrates sometimes as far as the apex of same. Margin 
and submarginal moderately dusted. Two anal spots and frequently indications of a third are present. Ocelli 
are round but small with heavy black borders, lively carmine red, mostly white pupilled. The $$ have a wider 
hyaline margin and heavier submarginal than the <$<$. The disc of the forewing is shaded, the black 
markings large and sharply outlined. Hindwings dusted with black. The black marking at the base is extensive 
and heavy. There are always three anal spots. Margin shows faint shading, submarginal distinct. Ocelli have 
a diameter of abt. 7 mm, decora marking often observable. — South-east of Bozen in the Eggen Valley at the 
village Birchabruck we find subsp. lauritius Belling : the race is smaller than rubidus the expanding 60- -65 mm, laurinus. 
the 65 -70 mm. Wing contour less elongated, margin bulges rather more. The ground colour is whitish 
without the slightest tinge of yellow. Black marking is less than in rubidus. The submarginal is well developed 
sometimes interrupted in the middle. Hyaline margin 3—4 mm wide. Black marking of base and hindmargin 
is heavy and penetrates into the base of the cell, surrounding same posteriorly and at the apex. Ocelli are 
moderately large, surrounded with black, mostly with white pupils. Anal spots small, isolated, very rarely 
with red centres in contrast to rubidus. The margin of the wings shows faint shading. The $ has a hyaline 
border 5 mm wide and a well developed submarginal band with rich black colour and more strongly dusted 
disc than in the BS ■ The ocelli of the hindwings are larger than in the <$ but smaller than in rubidus. — Around 
Sigmundsburg near the Castle of Bernstein and the Fernstein Lake we find the race castellanus Belling, a medium castellanus. 
large form with 65—73 mm expanse in the A- If shows light white ground colour and the base and costa of 
the forewings more or less heavily marked with black. The hyaline border and submarginal are not broad but 
well developed and end at cubitalis 2: they are separated by a band of the ground colour. Subcostal spots 
moderately developed, the upper very small, the lower one prolonged to media 1 or 2. Cell spots contrast 
strikingly, also the moderately developed roundish or angular hindmarginal spot. Black marking of base and 
hindmargin extends to the base of the cell and surrounds same to the media. The margin and submarginal 
indicated by shading. There are two round or rather streak-like anal spots with red scalings to which occasionally 
an amplius-maculata spot is added. The ocelli are roundish or distorted, filled with bright red with a white 
pupil and inclining to graphica formation. On the underside the submarginal is well developed and all three 
anal spots filled with red, the middle one generally also having a white pupil. The $$ are somewhat larger: all 
black markings heavier, the hyaline border and submarginal wider and reach to hindmargin. On the hindwings 
the submarginal is separated by a wide band of ground colour from the darkly dusted margin: the eye spots are 
large nearly always with white pupils. The underside has still larger white pupils in the ocelli and the margin 
and submarginal are more heavily dusted with grey and very distinct. — subsp. agyiens Fruhst. (— agieus agyiens. 
Belling) from Ampezzo, Andraz, St. Ulrich in the Groedener and Enneberger Valleys of the south Tyrol is a 
high alpine form of this territory and correspondingly only small. Expanse of BS 60—65 mm, the §9 65 to 
69 mm. Wing contour less elongated than in rubidus, also the black spots more extensive and the fairly wide 
submarginal band more striking. Ocelli smaller in both sexes, but with richer black surrounds. The 99 remind 
one more of the dusky $9 from the northern Tyrol than of those from the south. The forewings are always 
thickly powdered with black in the disc. — ladinus Belling is the form from the valley and the lower reaches ladinus. 
down to 1100 m. It is somewhat larger and more robust, expanse of BS 65—70, the 99 75 mm. The ground 
colour is lighter sometimes with yellowish tinge: wing contour more elongated than in agyiens. The 5 mm 
wide hyaline margin and the striking submarginal band reach nearly to the hindmargin. The black spotting 
and marking of the base of the forewings and of the hindmargin of the hindwings is well developed. The anal 
spots are generally confluent, the submarginal nearly always distinctly present. Ocelli show roundish form, 
but sometimes they are elongated: they are bright carmine red, frequently with white pupils. In the 99 the 
marking generally is heavier than in the $. Both bands in the forewings reach fully to the hindmargin and the 
larger ocelli of the hindwings are sometimes with white pupils and sometimes blind. The margin shows distinct 
dark dusting and the submarginal is always present. — subsp. victorialfs Fruhst. from the surroundings of Trent victorialis. 
in the south Tyrol belongs to the thermophila group of Fruhstoreer. It is one of the most stately forms of 
the southern alpine region which in regard to size is only exceeded by the $$ of the apollo from the Val 
Antigorio in Piedmont. The ground colour is more yellowish than in the closely related rubidus and the wing 
shape is still narrower and at the same time shorter. Hyaline margin and submarginal are strikingly reduced 
and the black markings are also poorer, although the disc of the forewings and the hindmargin of the hindwings 
still show dark dusting. — The corresponding high mountain form of this race is tonalensis Bryh from the ionalensis. 
