PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
62 
Tonale Pass in the south Tyrol. The qq are of smaller form and often quite chalky white ground colour. Sub- 
marginal is much narrower and graphite grey, not so accentuated as in the allied rubidus. In the subcostal 
band the small tail of the median spot which otherwise generally occurs is absent: generally the single spots 
are only loosely connected or the upper subcostal spot is quite isolated. Ocelli of the hindwings are smaller, 
anal spots streak-like, no amplius-maculata spot. The black marking of the base and hindmargin is weak, 
graphite grey. The $$ have a more yellowish tone and also only a narrow submarginal and are smaller than 
kitti. rubidus. — ab. kifti Bryl' has a small end cell spot formed as an extreme quincunx spot. - altitudinis Bryk <L 
altitudinis. Eimer (altitudinis Bryk) is a high mountain form from Cortina: it is characterised besides being exceedingly large 
by a remarkable dentata marking, especially in the BB> such as the race determinalus Bryk from the Ziller valley 
shows: besides this the black marking of the base of the inner margin does not extend so near to the anal spots 
as in agyiens from Tre-Croci. — From the neighbourhood of Landeck on the Inn in west Tyrol Belling denom- 
confinis. mated an apollo race flying there as eonfinis. Expanse of Bed 65 —70 mm having a pure white ground colour, 
sometimes with light yellow tinge with dense scaling and somewhat extended wing contour. The subcostal 
band is weak being prolonged over media 2. Costa and base faintly spotted and dusted. Hyaline margin is 
4—5 mm wide and stretches down to cubitalis 2: submarginal dentate interrupted also distinctly to cubitalis 2 
and distinctly separate. Cell spots small and oblong, hindmarginal spot round or square. Base and hindmargin 
of the hindwings strongly dusted with black surrounding the cell filling out the base and apex of same. Anal 
spots are striking by their smallness the upper one sometimes with red scales. Ocelli are medium large with 
black surrounds, mostly with white pupils, the costal only faintly: sometimes the pupils are absent. Marginal 
and submarginal bands moderately dusted or else quite extinct. Expanse of $$ 69 —74 mm showing rich black 
dusting on the upperside. Hyaline margin 5—6 mm wide separated by crescents from the heavy dentate 
submarginal band, both extend generally to the hindmargin. Subcostal spot only small, median spot large, 
reaching to media 3. The cell spots are also strongly developed, end cell spot apically convex, posteriorly concave. 
Hindmarginal spot roundish and as large as the costal ocellus of hindwings. Costa and base dusted with black. 
Hindwings show more or less glassy border, separated distinctly from the deeply ex-curved submarginal by a 
band of the ground colour. Base, half the cell and the hindmarginal area dusted with black. The black marking 
surrounds the cell and penetrates into the apex of same. Upper ocellus is longish obliquely oval, the median 
larger, roundishly square, both carmine red, heavily surrounded with black with white pupils, rarely blind. 
stelviana. Anal spots are heavy, generally an amplius-maculata spot is present. stelviana Dann. from the northern 
slopes of the Ortler and Stilfser -Joch is more thinly scaled than the forms of the valley, more transparent but 
at the same time more inclined to be darker, with coarser scaling and band markings, medium large, the red 
fairly dull, the surround of the ocelli fine and lacking in rich black as is particular to the forms of the valley. 
Owing to the insufficient description it can chiefly only be defined according to the locality label, probably 
being synonymous with montanus Stick. (Vol. 1, p. 36). - From the neighbourhood of Lugano from Mount 
triumpha- Tamero Fruhstorfer describes a race triumphator of which the Bed are remarkable by their narrow hyaline 
1,11 ' border and by a wide submarginal band which is angulated in the upper part. The subcostal band reaches 
heavily to media 3, cell spots are large and deep black. Costa and base weakly dusted. In the hindwings the 
ocelli are very large and intensively carmine red with large eccentrically placed white centres. The black 
surround not very thick nor very striking. The black marking of the hindmargin and the base is coarsely 
granular, reaches deeply into the cell and encloses same to the radialis; from radialis 1 it extends obliquely 
down to the anal spot which is deep black just as the stately cubital spot. The submarginal faintly indicated. 
The $$ show the transparent patches more strikingly than the Bed- The whole black markings of the fore wings 
are heavier; the median spot is larger than the middle cell spot, also the hindmarginal spot which is not inferior 
to the middle cell spot in regard to size. The row of costal spots is united with the hindmarginal spot through 
widely scattered band-like situate scales. Hyaline margin and submarginal reach to the hindmargin and are 
as in the B separated by a lunulata band. In the hindwings the large dark red, heavily black surrounded, 
ocelli strike one, which in contrast to those of the BB only have small eccentric white centres. The black 
marking of the base of the wings is lighter than in the B but equally extended. Anal spots are very large confluent, 
a small isolated and deep black amplius-maculata sjiot is present. Marginal bands are indicated by faint scalings 
of the ends of the nervules and internervally. Submarginal is more distinct than in the B■ The closest relationship 
triumphator shows is with the geographically far removed pedemontanus Fruhst. from the southern slopes of 
Mont Blanc: by its short wings it is far removed from heliophilus , it reminds one of adulanus Fruhst .; it has 
the long subcostal band in common with generosus Fruhst. but the cell spots and the whole appearance are 
larger. — The Swiss races of apollo are not less numerous and they vary just as do those of the eastern alps 
according to whether they occur more northerly or southerly. On the Churfirsten and in the Santis district 
helms, of the canton of Appenzell we find helias Fruhst., the Bd are smaller than the nivatus Fruhst. from the Jura 
mountains, of pure white ground colour without any tinge of yellow. Hyaline margin is smaller and much 
darker and submarginal band only faintly developed. Ocelli of the hindwings are only slightly smaller than , 
those of Jura specimens but somewhat more distinctly surrounded with black. Basal zone is distinctly more 
adumbrated. In the forewings the subcostal spots are very large, the cell spots smaller than in nivatus. The $ 
