PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
63 
stands out from all other alpine races by its milky white ground colour. The white band between the hyaline 
margin and submarginal is very striking. The ocelli of the hindwings are all large size with remarkably large 
white pupils sometimes inclining to a grapliica form. — sotirion Fruhst. from the Rigi, Pilatus, Unterwalden soiirion. 
and Rossberg is very different from the previous race and approaches more to geminus Stick. (Vol. 1, p. 24) 
by its richer ground colour and extensive hyaline margin and the considerably wider submarginal band where 
naturally the yellow galeate spots between the strongly compressed ocelli of the 99 are not so apparent as those 
in helias, and the black spots of the forewings are less prominent. The ab. thermophila Fruhst. of this race from thermo- 
the neighbourhood of Goldau shows the characteristics of a thermophile increase of the black markings in both philn 
sexes as well as of the ocelli and their black surrounds. — From the Wallen-See and on the Glarnisch in the canton 
of Glarus, which is always rich in rain, we have the race tenebrosus Fruhst. which in humicola discolouration tenebrosus. 
represents the extreme found in Switzerland so that especially the 99 might be mistaken for subsp. bartkolo- 
maeus Stick. (Vol. 1, p. 25, Plate 12 c, d). It is a habitually small form which has a wide hyaline margin and 
an equally wide submarginal band in the forewings. The subcostal and cell spots are heavy and strikingly 
developed as also is the hindmarginal spot. In the hindwings the 99 show only a narrow hyaline margin, but 
a prominent submarginal band and distinct anal spots. Ocelli have a roundish form, being of dark red colour 
with distinct white pupil. Forewings of the 99 are very strongly melanic and at the same time very hyaline 
and richly powdered with black. rhaetkus Fruhst. is the race from the neighbourhood of Silva-Plana in the rhaeticus. 
Engaclin. The are sparsely scaled with white, have a narrow hyaline band and as a rule as a special char¬ 
acteristic only poorly developed submarginal bands which are moderately sinuous and widely separated from 
the hyaline margin ending with same at cubitalis 2. Subcostal spots are heavy mostly separated but rarely 
united together by wide black. Cell spots moderate in contrast to the hindmarginal spot, which is of equal 
size to the middle cell spot. Hindwings are more densely scaled with white, both marginal bands very delicately 
indicated. Anal spots heavy, mostly confluent and sometimes filled with red. Black marking of base and hind- 
margin heavy, filling out the basal third of the cell and encircling same. On the underside the bands of the 
hindwings very distinct grey-black, anal spots mostly filled with red. The 99 are darker and especially the 
forewings are thinly scaled with white and powdered with black appearing glassy. Hyaline margin and sub¬ 
marginal confluent, forming a wide band to the hindmargin and decorated by a continuous row of lunules. 
Subcostal band very moderate united with the very large hindmarginal spot by wide black scaling along the 
wall of the cell. Cell spots are very pronounced. Hindwings are more closely scaled with white, less powdered 
with black than in the except in the strongly black powdered discal area. Both bands are more or less 
strongly developed. Black marking of base and hindmargin is heavier than in the q a § also the anal spots which 
are sometimes scaled with red. Ocelli in contrast to those of the very large, dark red, often blind. Underside 
appears to be very glassy, bands are not sharply outlined, ocelli as in the <$, but larger, both anal spots filled 
with red, the upper one with white pupil. - subsp. valesiacus Fruhst. from Zermatt and the Simplon is character- valesiacus. 
ised by very remarkably wide glassy submarginal band of the forewings of the and the unusually wide 
hyaline margin of the hindwings in the 9 - The very stately are of white ground colour with faint yellowish 
tinge. The fairly wide hyaline margin tapers off to the hindmargin and unites here with the straight submarginal 
band which is mostly of an arcuata form, it is separated from the hyaline margin by a wide continuous row of 
crescents of the ground colour. Costal spots are heavy, glossy, deep black as all the markings of the forewings 
and narrowly united together, the median spot ends in a narrow tip pointing towards the cell. Cell spots and 
hindmarginal spot large, roundish. Costa and base faintly powdered with black. Hindwings scaled somewhat 
more heavily and glossy white, margin more or less shaded with black: submarginal delicately indicated grey- 
black. The surround of the carmine red, fairly large ocelli very heavily black, with white pupils. Anal spots 
band-like not large. Base, half the cell, hindmargin and the wide surround of the cell are heavily powdered with 
black. On the underside anal spots mostly filled with red and with white pupils. The 99 strongly adumbrated. 
very thinly scaled and glassy. Hyaline margin and submarginal confluent forming a wide glassy band quite 
straight on the basal side and with a continuous row of small white lunules. Subcostal band very wide and 
striking through the darker scaling along the cell uniting same with the hindmarginal spot, which is as large as 
the middle cell spot. Base of the cell and hindmarginal area heavily dusted with black. Hindwings more glassy 
white, marginal border unusually wide and submarginal always distinctly developed. Ocelli are moderate to 
large, roundish and distorted, with heavy black surrounds and rarely without white pupils. Both anal spots 
medium large, confluent and a small amplius-maculata spot generally present. Sometimes one or another has 
red centres. Underside thinly and sparsely scaled, the dark markings reflecting through on the upperside. 
Ocelli mostly with very large white pupils narrowly surrounded with black. Red basal spots are large and 
often with white pupils, both anal spots filled with red sometimes also a third. White pupils frequent. Frtih- 
storfer separated ab. xerophila for the lighter 99 from the warmer regions. — subsp. salevianus Fruhst. xeropMla. 
(= saboianus Fruhst., subvianus Fruhst.) from the Saleve, Geneva at a level of abt. 800—1200 m is very close salemanvs - 
to the neighbouring races of nivatus and valesiacus Frulist. and combines several of their characteristics. It is 
smaller than both in size. Ocelli are beautifully developed but do not reach the size of those of nivatus , but 
they have the very striking black surround of those of valesiacus. The black cell spots are in the same proportion 
