64 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollovv 
as the races named. Androtropic $$ in quite pure white form as in nivatus appear to be absent on the Saleve, 
although light $ $ occur in a larger number than dark ones. Basal area of the hindwings is always more extended 
generosus. and deeper black than in nivatus. — subsp. generosus Fruhst. from Mount Generoso, 1200—1600 m high, is a 
very rare almost extinct race which is strikingly small and of pale appearance. Hyaline margin of the forewings 
of the d'd' is very narrow, submarginal band unusually neat, sharply angulated in its upper range between the 
radial nervules and the mediana. Black cell spots not roundish but oblong, consequently smaller and appearing 
steeply oblique. In the $$ the hyaline margin equally strongly reduced, submarginal only indicated, interrupted 
in places. Ocelli with narrow surrounds, median ocellus nearly always widely reniform reminding one thereby 
adulanus. of vinningensis. — subsp. adulanus Fruhst. from the Val-Blenius between Camperio (1200 m) and Aquacalda 
(1500 m) forms a natural transition from the weakly banded rhaeticus to the lighter forms from the southern 
slopes of the alps. The are remarkable by their unusually wide glassy submarginal band, the relatively 
narrow but very dusky hyaline margin of the forewings and the very large ocelli of the hindwings. In contrast 
to the valley forms of the Tessin the forewings are thickly dusted with black in the cell similar to the darkest 
humicola apollo forms of the northern Swiss Alps. Basal area of the hindwings usually diffuse, rather more 
greyish than black, the adumbration extends almost always also over the apical end of the cell. Anal spots are 
very large in the $ and $ as also are the black spots on the fore wings. The general colour impression in nearly 
heliophilus. all $$ is darker than in those from Val-Verzasca, Val-Maggia and Val-Bavona. — subsp. heliophilus Fruhst. 
(~ turatii Rothsch. part., valesiacus Pag. part.) from the Tessin, Val-Cavizzeva, Val-Bavona, Val-Maggia, 
Airolo, is a very fine race still larger than adulanus. The ground colour in both sexes is white, in the $ frequently 
milky white or bluish-white instead of pale yellowish as in adulanus. The appearance gives the impression of 
being glassy owing to the sparse and thin scaling. Submarginal band is present in both sexes, very delicate 
and narrower than in adulanus. Disc of the forewings in the is scarcely dusted, in the $ very rarely, on the 
other hand the latter generally has a band between the subcostal band and hindmarginal spot such as is 
redivivus. characteristic for adulanus. Ocelli are bright red, with heavy black surrounds and over medium size. —- redivivus 
Brylc (—- turatinus Fruhst., turatii Rothsch.) from Macugnaga in the Mt. Rosa territory is very close in the 
sex to valesiacus Fruhst. Ground colour is white with slight yellowish tinge. Hyaline margin narrow tapering 
off to the hindmargin and very daintily interrupted by the white scaled nervules. Submarginal is more or less 
narrow, but heavy, separated from the margin by lunules. Subcostal band extends to media 2 and somewhat 
beyond, cell spots are medium large mostly oblong, deep black, as also is the roundish hindmarginal spot. Costa 
and base faintly dusted. Hindwings sometimes have the border narrowly shaded and submarginal faintly 
indicated. Ocelli not large, roundish, the mediana often elongated oval, heavily surrounded by black and with 
white pupils. Anal spots are small, band-like, sometimes separated. Base, the lower half of the cell and the 
apex of the cell are suffused with the heavy dusting of the hindmargin. On the underside all the band markings, 
especially on the hindwings, are strongly developed: ocelli with larger white centres and anal spots filled with 
red. The $$ are very dusky and richly dusted. Hyaline margin and wide submarginal are confluent and form 
a wide glassy band, decorated by small diffuse lunules. Subcostal band is very wide crescent shaped: cell spots 
equally large, deep black. Costa and base heavily scaled with black. Hindwings have both bands distinctly 
present, ocelli very large, carmine red with wide black surrounds, anal spots heavy, confluent. Black marking 
of base and hindmargin as in the $ and also underside equally developed in the $ correspondingly to the $. 
xerophilus. Between Mesocco and Soazza in Tessin Fruiistorfer found a race which he called xerophilus and which is a 
transition from rhaeticus to the hilly thermophile races of the Tessin. The are pure white, very large, 
wing expanse 75 mm and exceed in size the largest from Mesocco. All the black spots of the forewings are 
larger than in rhaeticus and also heliophilus Fruhst. Submarginal band of the forewings is always very bold 
but only faintly indicated on the hindwings. Ocelli are moderately large, smaller than in heliophilus and with 
agyllus. finer surrounds. — subsp. agyllus Fruhst. from Val-Poschiavono (Puschlav), between Brusio and Le Press, 
800-T000 m, and Alpe-Romeria, 1800 m is a small race, the only 60 mm, 65 mm expanse and they 
belong to the smallest of the Swiss mountain races. The ground colour is white adumbrated by profuse black 
powdering. Hyaline margin is darker than in rhaeticus, submarginal band always very distinct, mostly dentata 
state. Cell spots of the forewings are smaller than in xerophilus. Base of the hindwings is deep black and 
surrounds the cell falcate. Ocelli are small, scarcely perceptibly centred with white and moderately surrounded 
by black, agyllus is a race of most pronounced humicola and mountain appearance and is in direct contrast 
to the light thermophile races from the southern valleys of the Grisons. There is a similarity to alemanicus 
caloriferus. Fruhst. from the Algau mountains. - caloriferus Fruhst. from Foppiano in the upper Val-Antigorio and 
Laquintal on the southern slopes of the Simplon, 1500 m, is a small banded high mountain form. The d'd' are 
usually small, very light: base of the hindwings only faintly dusted especially in the androtropic $$. Submarginal 
band of the forewings is very poorly developed and reminds one thereby of rhaeticus Fruhst. from the Engadin. 
Ocelli of the hindwings with narrow black surrounds in contrast to valesiacus. The $$ have a narrower hyaline 
margin and a narrow but distinct submarginal band. Ocelli have white pupils as in the <$. The ground colour is * 
