Publ. 30. XII. 1929. 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
05 
pure white but without the milky patches which distinguish heliophilus and redivivus and quite free of yellow 
scaling. The valley form from Isella, 650 m, is quite different from the one from high altitudes, the specimens 
vary considerably in size and the enormous xerophile $$ which are also purely androtropic show on the 
uppersides dusky black dusting and thickly black surrounded ocelli with less pronounced white pupils, 
piedemontanus Fruhst. (— pedemontanus Trti.) from the region of the springs of Dora-Balta, Counnajeur and piedemon- 
the southern slopes of Mont Blanc is one of the most striking races of the Southern Alps, belonging already tanu 
to the humicola forms, being the mountain extreme of rubidus from which it differs chiefly through its smallness 
and more rounded wing contour. Hyaline margins of fore and liindwings expand considerably being inclined 
to converge with the submarginal band. Discal area of forewings always blackish and base of hindwings 
considerably darker than in allied races penetrating deeply black far into the cell. Ocelli still deeper carmine 
red than in rubidus and resembling those of valesiacus as to size, that is to say they are smaller than in 
heliophilus and larger than in substitutus and valderiensis Trti. from Valdieri and Gran-Sasso. The latter is a valderien- 
mixture form of quite curious constitution: specimens combine the characteristics of all alpine races, but 
generally the ocelli remain characteristically small. — nobilis Bryk <£• Eisner comes from Monte Denti di Govala nobilis. 
in Piedmont at an altitude of 1275 m. It is closest to the $ of redivivus Bryk from the Val-d’Anzasca and 
resembles also caloriferus Fruhst. in the 2 sex, whilst the approach more to the italian emilianus $ from 
the Appenines of Modena. The $$ differ chiefly from the above mentioned races by the band of ground 
colour between the hyaline margin and submarginal band which especially at the lower end has crescents 
pointing inwards: these are absent in the three races compared above. The d'd' are of pronouncedly pale 
appearance with relatively large ocelli. Submarginal band is narrower and less dusted with black than in 
of redivivus and caloriferus, hindmarginal blacking is more reduced and does not encircle the cell, which must 
be denoted as typical of <$<$ redivivus. Both sexes are larger than those of neighbouring races. The subsp. debilis debilis. 
Fruhst. comes from lake alps of Thorens, Mount Baron near Annecy, Alpe-Cenis in the Jalouve Mountains and 
Val de Giffre. It is a curious mixture race of small and rounded wing contour. Hyaline margin only narrow 
and submarginal diffuse. Ocelli of the $$ small, rarely with white pupils. Adumbration at the base of the 
wings grey-black: the black spots of the forewings especially the subcostal spots are much reduced. Ground 
colour of the £ is white, hyaline margin narrow diffusing to the hindmargin, submarginal band narrow, dainty 
slightly excurved to cubitalis 2 and separated from the hyaline margin by a wide band of ground colour. Costal 
spots sometimes unite forming a band reaching just beyond media 2. Middle cell spot round, twice as large 
as end cell spot, hindmarginal spot round: all spots deep black. Hindwings more closely scaled with white, 
ocelli uniformly large, roundish, finely surrounded with black and with white pupils. Anal spots blackish, small, 
scarcely united almost linear. Hindmarginal blacking heavily black extending into the cell and encircling same 
fairly far anteriorly. Marginal and submarginal bands are absent. On the underside of the forewings the median 
spot is frequently filled with red: on the hindwings which are more yellowish white the submarginal band is 
clearly defined but there is no trace of a darkening of the border. Ocelli have larger white pupils so that the red 
is like a ringlet and the black surround is hairfine. Both anal spots have red centres, a third is indicated. 
■subsp. lozerae (Oberth. i. 1.) Pag. (6 c) from Florae, Lozere in France is a large race with an average expanse of lozerae. 
85 mm of which the d'd' have a nice yellowish tone of ground colour. Hyaline margin fairly wide tapering off 
just beyond cubitalis 2: submarginal band slightly sinuous, excurved, rather narrow and scaled with greyish 
black, separated bv a band of the ground colour narrowly at the top, widely at the bottom from the hyaline 
border. Subcostal spots are medium sized, the upper one inclined to be small but very striking, quite isolated, 
cell spots not large but contrasting very strongly by their dee]) black colour and clear outlines, being roundish 
to oblong in shape. Hindmarginal spot relatively very large irregularly round and generally almost of same 
size as middle cell spot. Costal and basal scaling scant. Margin of hindwings lightly dusted, submarginal mostly 
absent or scarcely perceptibly indicated. The round ocelli are dark carmine red with white pupils and heavy 
black surrounds. Anal spots small the upper one punctiform to roundish, the lower one streak-like narrow, 
sometimes the upper one with a few red scales. Black marking of base and hindmargin fills half the cell, often 
encircling the apex of the cell. On underside all markings distinct, especially the marginal and submarginal 
bands of the hindwings being very pronounced and clear. The white pupils of the ocelli are larger and the upper 
anal spot with regular red centre. Median and hindmarginal spots of forewings often have red scales. The $$ 
are more richly marked with a fainter yellowish tone. Hyaline margin is much wider reaching to the hindmargin 
as also does the very heavy submarginal band, which sometimes is widely separated as in the 3 and sometimes 
almost converges with the hyaline margin being then only separated by small lunules. Cell spots are also more 
heavily developed than in the <$ and deep black as the sometimes enormously enlarged hindmarginal spot. 
Dusting of the costa and base somewhat extended but scant. Also in the hindwings the margin has distinct- 
grey arcs and the submarginal, separated widely by the ground colour, consists of similarly shaped arcs. Anal 
spots are much larger and deep black, an amplius-maculata spot is always present often with red scales inter- 
Supplementary Volume 1 9 
