66 
PARNASSIUS. By Che. Bollow. 
spersed. Basal and hindmarginal dusting more extended. Ocelli enormously increased, the upper one diagonally 
oval, the middle one round with large white pupil and widely surrounded. On the underside all bands well 
developed, costal spots, hindmarginal spot and anal spots with red centres — of the latter the upper usually 
cebennicus. with white pupil. Ocelli with still larger white centres. — subsp. cebennicus le Cerf is found in the Cevennes, 
Gorge du Tarn, Cause Mende at 1000 m altitude, a distinguished race with white instead of yellow ground colour 
with melanic $$ characterised by a striking submarginal band and the narrow but pronouncedly melahyaline 
glassy border. The $ measures 84 mm is of white ground colour scarcely tinged with yellow and shows well 
developed black markings. Ocelli generally larger than with lozerae, seldom with white pupils mostly blind. 
Submarginal band weakly developed on forewings and extends same as hyaline border to cubitalis 2, widely 
separated by a diffuse band of ground colour. Anal spots in the hindwings are small, the black marking of 
the hindmargin extends to the base and apex of the cell and encircles it posteriorly. $$ are large, expanding 
82—85 mm of lighter colour than lozerae Pag. Hyaline margin is united with the weakly dusted hyaline 
straight submarginal with a separating band of small round spots of the ground colour. Both bands extend 
to the hindmargin. Subcostal spots heavy, deep black united together by faint dusting and with the very 
heavy roundish hindmarginal spot which is almost as large as the middle cell spot. Costa and base sparsely 
scaled with black. Hindwings with wide glassy border weakly dusted and only narrowly divided from the 
arcuate excurved submarginal band. The dark carmine red ocelli are much larger than in the heavily 
surrounded with black with small eccentric white pupils. Anal spots form a black conjoined band. Base dusted 
as in but more pronouncedly black. On the underside in both sexes bands of the forewings distinct and 
widely separated, the black spotmarks striking. On the hindwings the ocelli have such large white centres 
that only a narrow red ringlet remains with a hairfine black surround. Submarginal distinctly present in the <$, 
the border on the other hand without shading: in the $ both bands of the hindwings occur distinctly hyaline 
and wide. In both sexes anal spots filled with red, the upper one with white pupil. In the $ the lower red 
leovigildus. basal spot has a streak-like white mark. — A beautiful and stately race leovigildus Fruhst. comes from Digne 
in the Basses Alpes, the $3 of which have a white ground colour with a yellowish tinge. They have a narrow 
pointed hyaline band extending to cubitalis 2 and widely separated from it a somewhat sinuous submarginal 
dusted with grey. Subcostal spots small and isolated. Cell spots medium sized roundish and oblong, hind¬ 
marginal spot small and round: all spots deep black and contrasting from the pale ground colour. On the 
hindwings ends of nervules show traces of black dusting and also the submarginal is barely indicated. The 
carmine red ocelli are only small with relatively large white pupils but narrow black surrounds. Anal spots 
small, constricted. Basal and hindmarginal area deep black filling half the cell and encircling its apex. The 
$$ are larger than the 33 and appear rather dusky owing to the wide hyaline margin, the dark generally widely 
separated submarginal as well as the wide dusting of the costa and base. Both bands extend to the hindmargin. 
The scaling is sparser. The costal band reaches with the tip of the median spot to media 3: cell spots are large, 
deep black in comparison with which the hind marginal spot is round and small. Ocelli of hindwings are oval 
and especially the median ones are distorted, both bright carmine red and with white pupils. Analspots streak¬ 
like and small. The margin more or less widely dusky, submarginal always distinct even if only narrow. Black 
subsiitutus. markings of base and hindmargin as in <$. — substitutes Rothsch. from La Graves in the Hautes Alpes 1500 
to 1800 m is placed between brittingeri and rhaeticus has usually smaller ocelli and generally a small size. The 
33 have a narrow hyaline margin and widely separated, slightly sinuous, somewhat dentate narrow submarginal 
band, which is faintly dusted with black. Subcostal band is narrow and extends somewhat concavely towards 
the cell at media 2. Black marking is moderate, but deep black. The ground colour is white, fairly thinly 
scaled: costa and base powdered with black. No submarginal visible on hindwings, margin remains pure white. 
Ocelli are small, light red with white pupils and especially the costal one with minute black surround. Shading 
at base is moderately dense but it penetrates to the base and point of the cell. Anal spots united into a band 
lioranus. and constricted. — From Auvergne of Lioran and Cantal we have the race lioranus Fruhst. having the same 
marking characteristics as lozerae but it has discarded the yellow colouring so characteristic of this race and 
inclines on one side to nivatus and on the other to leovigildus Fruhst. The large ocelli with only slightly smaller 
pupils remind one of nivatus, but it differs through the hyaline margin and submarginal which in both sexes 
are darker and the latter is much wider. The whole basal area shows more intensive black marking than in 
venaissi- allied races. — subsp. venaissimus Fruhst. from Mount Ventoux (1900 m) in Pro\ T ence is a transition between 
mus - the race from Auvergne, lioranus, and that from Digne. This race is the palest representative with nivatus 
characteristics in southern regions. The large bright red ocelli, the black marking at the base of the hindwings 
and the very reduced submarginal of the forewings show the relationship to nivatus of which as far as at present 
chrysopho- known it is a weak reproduction driven to extremes. — subsp. chrysophoius Fruhst. found in the Pyrenees at 
rils ' Vernet-les-Bains reminds one by its yellowish ground colour of lozerae Pag., differing thereby from the pure 
white races of the Central Pyrenees. All black spots reduced, those of the cell almost quadrangular, not round. 
Hyaline margin narrow, submarginal separated from it by a wider interval than in pyrenaicus Hare. Ocelli ' 
