PARNASSIUS. Bv Chr. Bollow. 
68 
Submarginal distinct, ends of nervules faintly shaded. A that as a variation from the rule shows fringes black 
nigrocilia- throughout, was named ab. nigrociliata Eisner. The $$ are somewhat larger than the and inspite of their 
ta - rich markings they appear to be pale. The band of ground colour is always distinct, never diffused as in allied 
races. There is a wide black dusting between costal band and hind marginal spot. Margin of hindwings is dusted 
with black and the submarginal band is fairly wide and very pronounced. Anal spots are band-like, fairly wide 
with red centres a third small spot clearly present. Dusting at base is heavier and more extensive than in the A- 
escalerae. Ocelli are much larger with wider black surrounds and larger white pupils. — subsp. escalerae Rothsch. (= hi- 
spanicus Oberth., guadarramensis Fruhst., guadamarensis Fruhst. errat.) (6 c) from San llclefonso in the Province 
of Castile is a stately race with wing expanse 72—76 mm. The $3 of white ground colour faintly tinged with 
yellow with fairly narrow inwardly dentated hyaline margin scarcely exceeding cubitalis 1. Submarginal 
delicately dusted with grey, gently sinuous, separated very widely by a band of ground colour from the glassy 
border and diffusing widely just beyond cubitalis 2. Black markings of forewings generally very reduced and 
dusting of costa and base sparsely grey. Hindwings also very poor in markings, extremities of nervules some¬ 
times weakly dusted and the almost extinct submarginal indicated by a few single greyish scales. The deep 
red ocelli are small with fairly large white centres and heavy black surrounds. Black marking of base and 
hindmargin not very heavy or extended. Lower basal spot curvated, black, the upper small, roundish, delicate 
light grey, sometimes with a red spot. On underside all markings further reduced but distinct. Submarginal 
of forewings and hindwings better developed. Black marking of the basal area still lighter and thinner, the red 
basal spots small and Vermillion red as the ocelli. The are very brightly marked and inspite of rich and 
heavy markings make a light impression. The whole surface of the forewings is dusted with granular greyish 
black, only two patches in the cell retain the light groiind colour, the parts on each side of the subcostal spots 
and the hindmarginal spot, as well as the band of the ground colour which inclines to lunulata form. Hyaline 
margin tapering off to the hindmargin is much narrower in its lower extremity than the submarginal band 
which is heavily dusted with grey and expands downwards reaching fully to the hindmargin. All the black 
markings and especially the irregularly shaped hindmarginal spot are deep black and contrast strongly: sub¬ 
costal and hindmarginal spots often have a red centre. The enormously large ocelli of the hindwings with their 
bright carmine red colour and heavy black surrounds are striking. Marginal and submarginal bands are well 
developed as also are the anal spots which are always increased by one or an indication of one ampliusmaculata 
spot. Black marking of base and hindmargin heavier and more extensive than in 3- Undersides more yellowish, 
all bands very nicely and still more heavily marked than on uppersides. With the exception of the cell spots, 
all spots nearly always have some sort of a red centre and the white pupils of the ocelli are so expanded that 
lauiferi. only a ringlet of red is left. - Saufferi Brylc comes from the neighbourhood of Saragossa and is smaller than all 
Spanish races. The fringes are as with escalerae (6 c) black and white checked. In the 3 the hyaline margin 
is very narrow, bulging inwards between media 2 and 3. Submarginal band is narrower than in aragonicus 
and escalerae being often interrupted between media 1 and 2 and from thence indistinct. Hindmarginal spot 
heavier than in escalerae. Base and hindmargin of hindwings strikingly deep black and more extensively scaled 
than any of the races mentioned in comparison. Ocelli are small and anal spots little developed. The three 
red, black surrounded basal spots are often missing on the underside. Ground colour is whitish like the apollos 
from the Pyrenees. The $$ are larger than the 33 of typical high altitude form, strongly melanic, ocelli with 
maurilia- distinct white pupils. Black marking of base heavy encircling the cell. mauriliatuis Fernandez from Palencia, 
mis. gi erra del Brego and Villa Fria is a transition form between escalerae and ardanazi : it is larger than the latter 
antijesuita. but in all other characteristics it approaches more to the former. — subsp. antijesuita Brylc (— ferreri-antijesuita 
Aichele) from Catalonia has a fairly narrow hyaline margin sometimes extending to cubitalis 2, the submar_inal 
is sinuous consisting of sharp crescents and is shorter than the hyaline margin. The first subcostal spot is small, 
the second very much larger and generally with faint reddish scales. Cell spots and hindmarginal spot are very 
large and deep black. Ocelli of hindwings are large, the median many times the size of the upper and with 
fine white pupil. Of the three anal spots the upper one is free, the middle one united, with red centre. Sub- 
marginal is absent. Subcostal spots on underside have red centres. Hyaline margin only rudimentary retained 
around the ends of nervules, submarginal distinctly present and sinuous. On the hindwings the middle anal 
spot has a white pupil and the submarginal is retained by faint arcs lying internervally. — Fernandez has 
basimacula- described still an ab. basimaculata from the Sierra Nevada of Puerto del Lobo which shows an additional small 
ta - black spot in the base of the discoidal cell and which is smaller than the middle cell spot. — Stichel makes 
apenninus. known the race of apenninus from the Apennines of Tuscany. ‘‘Of small size, the white ground colour more 
or less dusted with black, the transparent border of forewings very wide, being confluent with the blackish 
submarginal band. Eyespots of the hindwings pale red, frequently orange red.” According to Calberla the 
specimens are only distinguishable from Alpine specimens by the denser scaling of the wings causing same to 
appear whiter, they always have white pupils in the red eyespots which are as reduced in size as the black spots. 
Verity has described as f. rothscMldi a 3 from Italy without any particulars as to locality and according , 
