PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
6!) 
to a single specimen, which is possibly identical with one of the known races but which cannot be defined with 
certainty. — The race euappenninus Vrty. (= apenninus Oberth. nee Stick., appenninus Trti and Vrty., appennina euappen- 
Trti.) from Pizzo-tre-Vescovi is very stately with an average wing expanse of 72- 73 mm. Ground colour is 
a nice white with quite faint tinge of yellowish. Hyaline margin abt 4 mm wide extending to cubitalis 2 as 
does the very sinuous narrow and dentate submarginal band both being separated by a band of ground colour 
which expands downwards. Costal spots are heavy, black sometimes united by grey scaling, the median ending 
in a tip inclined towards the cell. Cell spots only moderately large but deep black, oblong and rounded: hind- 
marginal spot as large as the middle cell spot elongated oval or oblong placed obliquely. Costa and base only 
lightly granularly dusted. No submarginal band in the hindwings, ends of nervules lightly scaled. Ocelli fairly 
large, carmine red, the costal one generally blind, the median with small white pupil. Anal spots separated, 
small but deep black. Black marking of hindmargin very extensive and heavy, it fills still % of the cell and 
encircles also the apex of same widely. On the underside of the forewings the median and hindmarginal spots 
have small red centres. Both ocelli of the hindwings have fairly large white pupils and often both anal spots, 
otherwise only the upper one have red centres often with white pupils. The somewhat larger C is more dusky 
than italicus Oberth. Both bands of the forewings are confluent forming a wide hyaline band of about %rd 
of the width of the wings and a separating band is only observable by a few scarcely indicated somewhat lighter 
blotches. Cellspots medium size, hindmarginal spot on the other hand still larger than the middle cell spot, 
glossy black as all the spots. The upper costal spot is only small and grey, the median obliquely oblong very 
large and with distinct tip and intensively black. Costa, onethird of the cell and base as well as the hindmargin 
are dusted widely with granular black along the cell to media 2, the submarginal and the hindmarginal spot. 
There are only two light patches in the cell, a wide one from the end cell spot to the submarginal and a spot 
each side of the hindmarginal spot. Hindwings have the border adumbrated by large glassy lunules to which 
are attached the narrow white separated arcs of the submarginal which is dusted with blackgrey. Anal spots 
are deep black elongated oval and separated. Ocelli very large, the median double the size of the costal both 
carmine red with white pupils and fairly widely surrounded with grey-black. Dusting at base same as in $. 
Undersides correspond with uppersides, only the ocelli are brick-red as also are the large basal spots and the 
centres of anal spots. —- subsp. emilianus Trti. from the Apennines of Modena is of stately expanse. The emilianus. 
have a yellowish ground colour with a faint tinge of greenish. The hyaline margin tapers off moderately 
extending nearly to the hindmargin and is separated from the more or less well developed arcuate fairly straight 
and narrow submarginal band by a wide band of the ground colour. The subcostal spots are narrow generally 
forming a band. Cell spots large and of irregular shape, deep black. Hindmarginal spot is only small and roundish. 
Costa and base faintly dusted with black. The margin of the hindwings is faintly suffused, the arcuata -like 
submarginal more or less pronounced. The carmine red ocelli small with narrow black surrounds and white 
pupils. Both anal spots conjoined forming a narrow band: basal and hindmarginal dusting very heavy and 
extensive, filling half the cell and encircling same widely at the apex. The somewhat larger 9$ have the same 
ground colour which however is heavily suffused by more copious black dusting and air extension of the black 
markings. Hyaline margin and submarginal are considerably wider, especially the latter which is separated 
from the hyaline margin by only faint lunules: both extend to the hindmargin. The submarginal is nearly 
always united by copious dusting with the heavy subcostal band and the subcostal again by bancl-like dusting 
with the deep black and enlarged hindmarginal spot. Cell spots and dusting somewhat heavier than in the <j . In 
the hindwings the margin is also fairly widely suffused throughout its course and the submarginal runs concurr¬ 
ently being wide and of dentata formation: in some specimens it is strongly reduced. Ocelli are larger, irregularly 
round with fine black surrounds and mostly with white pupils. The anal spots and black marking at base 
heavier than in the <$. In Abruzzia on Mounts Majella and Gran-Sasso we find subsp. italicus Oberth. a medium italicus. 
large race with wing expanse 63- 70 mm. The show a faintly yellowish tone and a narrow only 3 4 mm 
wide hyaline margin running sharply to a point just beyond cubitalis 2, just as far as the equally long distinctly 
dentata-iormed submarginal. A wide band of the ground colour separates both bands. Costal spots are separated, 
the tip of the median extends just beyond media 2. Cell spots are large, deep black, hindmarginal spot small 
and roundish. Costa and base widely, coarsely dusted. In the hindwings the small round ocelli are deep red 
with small white pupils and narrow black surrounds. Anal spots moderately large and separated. Dusting of 
base and hindmargin dense and heavy — it fills half the basal cell and penetrates at the lower and apical ends 
slightly into same. Along the margin the extremities of the veins often show slight shading: submarginal is 
indicated by very faint remnants of arcs lying internervally. On the underside anal spots are mostly both filled 
with red and the submarginal as well as the ends of the veins generally distinct. The $9 are heavily adumbrated 
by coarse black scaling of the forewings, the hyaline margin is as wide as in the <3$, but the submarginal is much 
wider almost as wide as the former being confluent with same at the hindmargin and enclosing a row of large 
lunules. Hindmarginal spot very much larger than in the round and intensively black as the other spots. 
The coarse black dusting covers the whole costa, the lower third of the cell, continuing along same broadly 
