70 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
levantinus. 
auerspergi. 
per one vi¬ 
rus. 
anatolicus. 
kashtshen- 
koi. 
to the median spot uniting there with the submarginal. The very large light carmine red ocelli of the hindwings 
are striking, the median is twice the size of the costal and with much larger white centre: the black surround 
is wide and heavy. The margin has an arcuate border and the submarginal distinctly arcuata formation. Anal 
spots fairly large, the lower one with red centre. Black dusting at base more extensive than in <$. Underside 
markings more lively. Ground colour, especially of the hindwings heavily yellowish: bands of all wings more 
heavily marked than on the upperside, all markings standing out more boldly. Both costal spots and hind- 
marginal spot of forewings have red centres: ocelli of hindwings with copious white centres, leaving only a 
narrow red ringlet in the black surround. Both anal spots with red centres, the upper one with white pupil: 
an amplius-maculata spot is distinctly present. Basal spots very large, brick-red as the ocelli. — The last group 
of races consists of the apollo forms from Syria and Asia Minor. — levantinus Rothsch, from Aintab in North 
Syria described from a pair. It is nearest to liburnicus, but smaller with less extensive hyaline margin of 
forewings, a more obsolete submarginal band and smaller cell spots. The submarginal band of the hindwings 
is formed by a row of sagittate spots which are larger and distincter: the margin is not so heavily scaled. The $ 
is nearest to carpathicus, it is whiter and shows all dark and hyaline patches as well as the marginal and sub¬ 
marginal bands more clearly and distinctly. — The race auerspergi Rbl. from the kilikian Taurus is described 
from <$(§ only. These are very white and large, length of wings being 46—48 mm. Submarginal short reaching 
only to media 3 and also the hyaline margin ends just before cubitalis 1. Ocelli are very large with wide white 
centres. Anal spots distinct. On the underside the submarginal is only indicated by black suffused spots. It 
is nearest to levantinus Rothsch., differing from same by purer white colour, the elongation of the costal spot 
of the forewings towards the base and the shorter hyaline margin. — subsp. peroneurus Bryl: (6 d) from Amasia, 
Ak-Dagh is a pale and stately race. The of pure white ground colour, which may sometimes be tinged 
yellowish with white or yellowish fringes and sharply pointed narrow hyaline margin ending at cubitalis 2. 
Submarginal is grey-black, faintly dusted and disjointed, separated from the hyaline margin by a wide band 
of ground colour. Costal spots are strikingly small and isolated, but glossy black like the large cell spots and 
the hindmarginal spot. The Avhole surface of the wings very faintly dusted with black. Hindwings sometimes 
have a shaded border and the submarginal band scarcely perceptibly indicated. Ocelli are fairly large, yellowish 
red to brick red, widely surrounded with black, the median mostly with large white pupil, the costal with a 
small one. Anal spots only weakly developed and not confluent. Black marking at base not dense but extensive. 
The $$ are larger, dusted all over with dark grey. Hyaline margin narrow, not wider than the heavy, dentate 
somewhat diffuse submarginal band, separated from same by large yellowish white patches. Both bands end 
at the hind margin. Median spot large rectangular, deep black with tip extended towards the cell. Cell spots 
large, oblong: hind-marginal spot very large, all spots intensively black. The margin of hindwings is narrowly 
dusted with blackish and separated by wide yellowish white from the diffuse, wide submarginal which is thinly 
dusted grey-black. The carmine red ocelli are very large roundishly distorted with very heavy black surrounds. 
The costal with small, median with large white pupils. Anal spots heavy not confluent. The black marking at 
base very sparse, rather light grey but extensive. On the underside the large white centres of the ocelli are 
striking, they compress the yellowish red to a narrow ringlet. Black surrounds minute. Anal spots filled with 
yellowish red: basal spots faint and small, yellowish red. All bands well developed. anatolicus Pag. (5 f) 
from the Sultan Mountains of Asia Minor has larger than those of peroneurus. Wings are very thinly scaled, 
pure white, appearing transparently milky. Fringes are plain yellowish or checked with black. Hyaline margin 
narrow, sharply pointed and reaching to the hindmargin. Submarginal only extends to media 3 and is indicated 
by faint scaling. Costal spots very small, not confluent, glossy black. Cell spots small, end cell spot oblong, 
middle cell spot oblong or round, hindmarginal spot oval, placed vertically: all spots deep black and glossy. 
Costa and base very faintly powdered. On the hindwings in place of the extinct marginal bands there are here 
and there scarcely perceptible shadows of a few grey scalings. Ocelli medium to fairly large, oval or round, 
heavily surrounded by black, carmine red with white pupil, the upper one often blind. Anal spots heavy but 
not large, the upper one round, the lower one band-like and separate. Dusting of base and hindmargin faint, 
not dense. The $$ are larger with deeper yellowish tinge. The submarginal band of the forewings heavier than in 
the extending to the hindmargin. Hindmarginal spot very massive. Extremities of nervules shaded with 
black on hindwings and submarginal distinctly present scaled with grey. Ocelli are larger and anal spots large 
and blacker, also the dusting at base denser. All wings lightly powdered with grey. —- The race kashtshenkoi 
Shelj. (5e) from Ararat consists of large butterflies with wing expanse of 90 mm. The $$ are thinly scaled, 
very transparent, white with yellowish tinge. The very wide hyaline margin forms a wide band with the sub- 
marginal and is separated by whitish hyaline crescents: it ends at the hindmargin. Costal spots are large, con¬ 
joined and the median ends with a pronounced tip at media 3. Cell spots are large, oblong and placed obliquely. 
Hindmarginal spot roundish, very large. Dusting of the costa and base sparsely blackish. In the hindwings 
the margin is duskily transparent, submarginal wide, diffuse, faintly dusted with black. The brick-red ocelli 
are enormously large, the median double the size of the costal, widely surrounded with black and with large 
