PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
71 
white pupils. The anal spots are heavy almost crescent shaped, conjoined, sometimes with red scales. Basal 
and hindmarginal area extensive but not densely scaled with grey-black. On the underside one is struck by 
the large white centres of the ocelli which are encircled by narrow yellowish-red ringlets and moderate black 
surrounds. Anal spots yellowish-red the upper one still has a white centre. Basal spots indicated by yellowish- 
red. dH somewhat smaller and not so richly marked. In them the subcostal spots are not confluent and the 
ocelli of the liindwings are also smaller, generally both have white pupils and are heavily surrounded with black. 
Submarginal band mostly quite extinct and dark dusting at base very reduced. — Very closely related is 
subsp. dubius Bryk (= armenicus Pay., araraticus Pag., kastsc-henkoi Pag., suaneticus Vrty.) from Kagysman dubius. 
in Armenia which is also a very large race. The of white ground colour scarcely tinged with yellow and fairly 
sparsely scaled. The wide hyaline margin sharply pointed extending somewhat beyond cubitalis 1, as also does 
the fairly wide but only faintly black dusted and loosely connected submarginal band which is separated by 
a wide band of ground colour. Costal spots are only small and isolated. Cell spots only small relatively to the 
size, end cell spot almost triangular, middle cell spot oblong and rounded off. Hindmarginal spot large and 
obliquely oval: all spots heavily black. Costa and base faintly dusted. Hindwings without discernible bands. 
Ocelli remarkable for their size, they are round, somewhat distorted, brick-red, narrowly surrounded with 
black and with large white centres. Anal spots are bold not conjoined, blackish as the moderate dusting of the 
base and hindmargin which extends over half the cell. The slightly larger $ shows a somewhat more yellowish 
tone and is partially dusted with black on the forewings. The wide hyaline margin is confluent with the grey- 
black dusted submarginal band, extending to the hind margin scarcely interrupted by a row of small crescents 
and spots. Costal spots almost conjoined by faint dusting, the median is very large with a pronounced tip 
pointing towards the cell and reaching media 3. Cellspots moderately large, as also the strikingly large round 
hindmarginal spot. The dusting between the costal band, the cell and the hindmarginal spot is just as sparse 
as the dusting of the costa and base. Hindwings are more heavily dusted. The margin is adumbrated, sub- 
marginal w r ide, diffuse, faintly dusted. Ocelli are very large, brick-red with wide black surrounds and white 
pupils. The centre of the costal ocellus is in the middle, that of the median is moved to the periphery, the 
latter is considerably larger. Anal spots very striking, not connected. The blacking of the base very extensive 
but only thin and not obscuring the ground colour. In both sexes the black markings are distinct on the 
underside, somewhat reduced as compared with the upperside but more sharply outlined. Blackish dusting 
is absent. The white centi’es of the ocelli are larger and anal spots are filled with red. — The race zarathustrae zaralhu- 
Bryk from Malatia, West Kurdistan attaches itself to the large and stately forms of Asia Minor: it is even larger strac 
than peroneurus, the $9 have yellowish ground colour and sparse scaling. Hyaline margin is narrow with small 
triangles of whitish colour lying internervallv and pointing inwards, it only extends to cubitalis 1. Submarginal 
is heavier than in peroneurus and consists of small sagittate spots pointing inwards, often finishing at media 3 
and thereafter scarcely perceptible through a few traces to cubitalis 2. Costal spots deep black, the larger 
median with the characteristic tip. Cell spots relatively small, but hindmarginal spot large, all intensively black. 
Hindwings similarly marked to peroneurus, but the carmine red ocelli have larger white centres, the upper one 
rarely blind. Anal spots small but distinct, not united, pronouncedly black. The $$ are still larger than the <$<$, 
sparsely scaled with w'hite and of transparent appearance, seeming dusky owing to fairly copious dusting. The 
wide hyaline margin converges with the equally wide somewhat hyaline heavily scaled submarginal, reaching 
to the hindmargin and having a row of small whitish spots. Costalband is very strikingly wide and massive, 
stretching with a bold tip to media 3, whilst the cell spots appear in comparison to be small. They are narrowly 
oblong rounded off and contrast strikingly with the enormously enlarged hindmarginal spot which is deep black 
and as all the spots stands out boldly from the ground colour. In the hindwings the margin is scarcely shaded, 
whilst the submarginal is very wide, somewhat diffuse but copiously darkly dusted. The carmine red ocelli 
in their enormous extent correspond quite to those of kasktshenkoi : they are widely surrounded with black and 
have large white centres. The three anal spots are scarcely or not at all connected, the lower one with a red 
streak. The black marking of the base and hindmarginal area very extensive but not dense. On the underside 
all markings are very pronounced. In the enormous ocelli the white centres compress the red to a narrow 
ringlet and both lower anal spots are always filled with red. The submarginal very distinctly marked with bold 
large triangles lying internervally as in the <$. 
P. apollonius Eversm. (Vol. 1, p. 27). Avinov has described ab. unica (= novarae Avin., = novarae- apollonius. 
unica Avin.) from Alai. It is distinguishable by a considerable reduction of the black antemarginal row of spots, umca - 
as well as by the completely black spots which otherwise have red centres. 
P. nomion Fisch.-Wald. (Vol. 1, p. 27). As a denomination of the name type form Beyk has quite nomion. 
unnecessarily proposed the name pseudenomion and described further the following aberrations of the veins 
which are analogous to those already previously described: ab. enderleini, ab. jordani and ab. reuteriides. 
The ab. fischeri Bryk show's all wings with black fringes instead of the typical checks in which also the otherwise fischeri. 
