74 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
rubromargi- 
nata. 
tancrei. 
actius. 
casta. 
fasciata. 
rhododak- 
tylos. 
jambicus. 
nova. 
excelsior. 
cardinalis. 
ornatus. 
brutus. 
flora. 
melaniticus. 
miranda. 
minuta. 
lacriform ocelli running out from the base. — From Naryn we have ab. rubromarginata Shelj., a $ with the 
marginal border of the hindwings covered with red scales on the underside so that a distinct red border occurs 
from the radialis to cubitalis 1. — var. tancrei Deck, from Lob-Noor is a very melanic race scarcely separable 
from erebus Vrty. and at the best can be considered a conditional form of same. The whole forewings are 
powdered with black with the exception of the cell, the spots of which are sharply outlined. Subcostal band 
shows 2 red spots. Hindwings, especially in the $ completely powdered with black, ocelli lively red widely 
surrounded with black. Fringes white and black checked. Ground colour of the $ is yellow, both marginal 
bands of all wings separated by a band of yellowish-grey lunnles. The ab. spuleri Bryk and ab. clathrata Bryk 
already described are mentioned as aberrations of the veins. 
P. actius Eversm (Voh 1, p. 28, Plate 4 f). In form ab. casta Fr. Wgn. (= castus Bryk) the hindmarginal 
spot in the forewings is absent and in fasciata Fr. Wgn. an aberration of the the subcostal band is united 
by a band with the hindmarginal spot. — The median spot of the subcostal band has a red centre on the 
upperside in ab. rhododaktylos Bryk (= tripicta O. B.-H.). The ab. jambicus Bryk described from subsp. brutus 
0. B.-H. is a $ with 4 highly coloured patches in the subcostal band which are coloured quite pale yellowish. 
- (J-ab. r.ova Bryk from Werneyj has the intermediate cells of the forewings densely scaled with white reminding 
one thereby of the hyaline margin of nomion and besides no red on the upperside of the forewings, wdiilst on 
the underside only the subcostal spot has a red centre, as is typical in P. delius. — ab. excelsior Bryk has the 
2nd basal spot with a red centre on the upperside and with a white centre on the underside of the hindwings. 
d'-ab. cardinalis Wgn. (= connexa Wgn., conjuneta O. B.-H.) has the ocelli united by a black bar. - From 
Chotan in east Turkestan we have the largest and finest of all the actius races, the subsp. ornatus O. B.-H. 
The do have an expanse of 60 mm, the $$65 mm and both sexes have pure white ground colour and large 
deep red ocelli. In the forewings both subcostal spots, rarely also the 3rd and the hindmarginal spot have red 
centres; the marginal band is fairly wide and extends to cubitalis 1, whilst the shorter submarginal occurs very 
faintly and sometimes interrupted. The submarginal is absent in the hindwings, the marginal band on the 
other hand heavily developed. On the underside the forewings and hindwings show well developed submarginal 
bands, whilst the margin is only faintly adumbrated. - - ornatus is smaller than actinobolus Stgr. and more heavily 
marked, whilst superbus RvM (Vol. 1, p. 28) is more heavily marked, especially the marginal bands. — subsp. 
brutus 0. B.-H. from the Pamir (Kisiljahr and Beik, also from Mnstagata, western Yarkend) distinguishes itself 
from the previous by its narrower wing contour also above all the ground colour is of a more dirty white and 
the red markings are more reduced. Compared with the name type form it is generally larger and the markings 
stand out more sharply. — From the north Alai (Ispajran, 3400 m) we have the race flora 0. B.-H., which also 
distinguishes itself by the dirtier white ground colour and the strikingly elongated wings. The $$ are heavily 
adumbrated and often the subcostal and submarginal bands are confluent. Hyaline margin narrow, widely 
separated from the heavy grey-black dusted submarginal. Hindmarginal dusting extensive but not uniting 
with the band-like conjoined anal spots. Ocelli are small, widely surrounded with black, especially the upper 
one towards the base. The red is very suppressed, especially in the median ocellus which is also smaller than 
the upper one. Hyaline margin of the $ is narrow and reaches diffusedly to cubitalis 1, in the margin there 
are narrow internerval sagittate marks. The submarginal is only distinct anteriorly. Cell spots only small 
especially the middle one which exceeds the hindmarginal spot slightly in size. Ocelli as in the $. — melaniticus 
0. B.-H., the darkest of all the actius races comes from the south-east Thian-Shan, from Ivourgak-Taon in the 
Kutscha mountains north-west of Karashahr. The markings of the race correspond with those of minuta Vrty. 
described lower down, but it is much more darkly dusted and extreme specimens occur in which the wings are 
almost quite black with white patches near the cell and the base. Both marginal bands are often so confluent 
that only a very small row of white spots is discernible, ab. miranda Niepelt belongs here as a conditional form. 
The ground colour is more white, all spots as in the name form but without red. The costal spots are united 
in a band by faint scalings with the hindmarginal spot. Ocelli are large and bold, pitch black, the dusting at 
the base is dense and black as also the anal spots. The upperside without any red. Hyaline margin of all wings 
strikingly wide and dark. Fringes black and white checked. On the glassy underside all spots of the upperside 
reflect through: in contrast to the upperside the ocelli have faint dark red centres. — Verity described the 
very similarly marked race minuta from Juldus and Issyk-kul. It is smaller than the name type and the $<$ 
have a slight yellowish tinge in the white ground colour. Hyaline margin is darker, submarginal wider and 
more heavily grey-black reaching to cubitalis 2. In the hindwings the marginal band is very wide and dusted 
along its entire course and not interrupted. Submarginal is widely separated and consists of heavy grey-black 
dusted, loosely connected, triangular and arc-like spots. Ocelli are larger and with wider black surrounds. 
In the $ one is struck by the extraordinary adumbration. Hyaline margin and submarginal confluent to a 
wide band and scarcely separated by small faint light dusted patches. The area formed by the cell, subcostal 
