PARNASSIUS. By Che, Bollow. 
75 
spots and hindmargin spot is still darker than the submarginal with which it is united. The margin of the 
hindwings is widely dark hyaline, dusted with black. The sagittate marks of the submarginal, which are joined 
together, are large and dusted grey-black, being separated by faintly powdered narrow patches of the margin. 
Ocelli are large and widely surrounded by black. Anal spots connected with the ocelli and the extensive black 
marking of the hindmargin which fills three quarters of the cell. — In contrast to these dark forms we have the 
race dubitabilis Vrty. (= apolliformis Vrty., separanda Vrty.) from Karaigatan. This is a much larger form dubUabilis. 
in which the $9 are distinguished by their striking white ground colour. Both marginal bands are wider and 
extend generally to cubitalis 2 and are separated by a wide band of ground colour, which can sometimes be of 
lunulata character. The subcostal band varies in size, but is always richly marked with red. On the hindwings 
the large ocelli are characteristic. The race described by Stichel as ambrosius is synonymous with superbus 
Buhl (Vol. 1, p. 28). 
P. jaquenionti Bscl. (Vol. 1, p. 29). Von Rosen has described the following conditional forms belonging jacquemonti. 
to the race variabilis Stick.-, ab. casta has a strongly reduced hindmarginal spot and ab. monopupillata has a casta. 
red centre in the hindmarginal spot and all the other spots of forewings quite black without red. Inab. monopicta 
the first subcostal spot has a red centre, in ab. rubropicta two subcostal spots have these marks and in ab. monopicta. 
tripicta all three subcostal spots have red centres. — In ab. caeca the ocelli of the hindwings have no red centres rubropicta. 
. ° iriwicta 
and in ab. conjuncta the ocelli are united by a black bar. — ab. excelsior shows red basal spots. — subsp. pamira ca p ca . 
O. B.-H. (= impuncta Aust., ehrmanni Elirm.) from the southern Pamir (the mountains near the River Ljangar) conjuncta. 
and from Beik in the north-eastern Hindukush when compared with rubicundus Stick (Vol. 1, p. 29) shows a excel sior. 
less pure white ground colour. Also the subcostal spots in the forewings are smaller and only rarely with red ; ' " 
centres and the ocelli of the hindwings are also of smaller size. Generally appearance is larger than variabilis 
Stick. — From Gilgit in the Baroghila Pass in north Kashmir Tytler describes the race baroghila. It is not baroghila. 
so dark as discobolus and approaches otherwise closely to variabilis Stick. The $$ have no red spots on the 
hindwings and agree in this respect with discobolus. Expanse of the wings of the is 66—70 mm and of the 
64—70 mm. — A very similar race is hunzaica Tytl. from Misgar in Hunza (Kashmir) on the average it is tiunzaica. 
somewhat smaller and the $5 are darker. The race is more closely allied to variabilis Stick, than the former. 
— The smallest and palest of all the indian races of jacquemonti is shandura Tytl. from the Shandura Pass in shandura 
north Chitral. The <$$ are very white in ground colour and have just as the $$ no or only very faint dark dusting 
of the wings. — In subsp. himalayensis Elw. (Vol. 1, p. 29) the condition form of the £ ab. archonis Bryk 
has often been observed. It has red scales distributed on the underside in the submarginal band which in some 
cases extend to the hyaline margin. - The already known ab. enderleini and reuteri Bryk and the newly described 
ab. strandianus are observed in regard to aberrations of the veins. The latter has a reversional radial nervule 
retained on both sides and shows also a constricted subcostal ocellus. The upper anal spot on the upperside 
has a white centre. — Verity describes the following $$ aberrations of colouration of subsp. thibetanus Leech 
(Vol. 1, p. 30): ab. alba, ab. flava and ab. nigra. — From northern Kansu in the Richthofen mountains Aha. 
south-west of Liang-chow we have a much smaller race actinoboloides 0. B.-H. (4f) which reminds one of P. ^igra. 
actius-actinobolus. The ground colour of the $<$ is pure white. The marginal band of the forewings is often acdnobolou 
quite absent or consists only of a black sharply dentate line. Submarginal quite absent. Also about one third 
of all $$ shows the same reduction in the marks, but in the majority in both wings there are distinct submarginal 
rows of spots and also on the forewings often a continuous costal band. In both sexes there are nearly always 
two red centred subcostal spots. The race described by Fruhstorfer as var. cyrnus from Aksu is probably 
due to a mistake in the locality and should be ascribed to mercurius Gr.-Grsh. (Vol. 1, p. 29). 
himalayen- 
sis. 
archonis. 
dcs. 
P. epaphus Oberth. (Vol. 1, p. 30). To the main (name) type ab. rubropicta 0. B.-H. belongs, it has both epaphus. 
costal spots with red centres. — ab. erema 0. B.-H. is without the row of submarginal spots and ab. aurantiaca 
0. B.-H. has orange-red coloured ocelli. - subsp. hillensis 0. B.-H. from the mountains around the town of aurantiaca. 
Poo, Spiti in the State of Bashahr is a very variable race and it is difficult to characterise it briefly. It is similar hillensis. 
to cachemiriensis Oberth. (Vol. 1, Plate 15 c), can however well be distinguished from it as there are constant 
differences between them. The wing contour of hillensis is more truncate, ocelli and all red markings are larger 
and the latter also more numerous, ab. posticelongata 0. B.-H . has the median ocelli often elongated, ab. posticelon- 
flavomaculata 0. B.-H. is very rare, the ocelli have yellow colour as more frequently occurs in cachemiriensis. 
— ab. caeca 0. B.-H. in which the ocelli have no red centres was only observed once amongst a great number lata. 
of specimens. — Specimens with richer markings are not rare and a large number of combinations of the various caeca. 
aberrations occur which it would be useless to mention individually. — Similarly in the region of the north¬ 
west of Himalaya in Chotan, Schahidulla, a much smaller and daintier race occurs in comparison with the main 
type of epaphus viz: subtilis 0. B.-H. The <$<$ have a wing expanse of 45—50 mm the $$ somewhat larger, subtilis. 
