76 
PARNASSIUS. By Che, Bollow. 
lashahrecus. Ocelli smaller and subcostal spots considerably reduced. — The species originally described as bashahrecus 
0. B.-H. is now deemed by the author to be a hybrid between P. epaphus jacquemonti Bsd. Both species occur 
in the same habitat and similar or identical specimens were taken also in later years which are all more similar 
in their markings to epaphus, it is therefore difficult to decide whether we are dealing with a hybrid. The habitat 
is in the highlands of Spiti in the State of Bashahr. Expanse of the wings 65 mm. — A further doubtful hybrid 
epaphaeiius. epaphactius between epaphus and actius was described by 0. Bang-Haas from a number of specimens from 
the neighbourhood of Chotan. The specimens look like large epaphus but have more elongated wings 
like P. actius ornatus as well as a duller colour of the ocelli and often interrupted dusting of the marginal. — 
phariensis. The race phariensis Avin. which is distinguishable from sikkimensis Elw. (Vol. 9, Plate 50 d) by the enormously 
increased development of all the black markings, is caught in the Central Himalaya at Phari-Jong (Bhutan). 
The red centres of the spots and ocelli are very marked on both pairs of wings: the ocelli of the hindwings are 
him a- usually united by a dark bar. — himalayanus Riley (= dongalaica Tytl.) is a race that flies at an altitude of 
layanus. i -- qqO ft in the eastern Mount Everest region of which the <$$ are more similar to subsp. sikkimensis than 
everesti Riley. They are more transparent and of greyer tone. The grey submarginal of the forewings is very 
characteristic, the crescents forming same are so large that they are equal to the marginal band and only 
weakly dentate. Submarginal of hindwings is also well developed, but the internerval crescents are not con¬ 
joined. In the forewings there are no red markings. In the hindwings only the ocelli are filled with red. The 
9 with more obscure ground colour but without blackish dusting. The upper subcostal spot in the forewings 
everesti. and anal spot in the hindwings with red centres. The subsp. everesti Riley from the Rongbuck Glacier at an 
altitude of 18 500 ft in the Mount Everest region, and afterwards also found in Tinki-La at 16 500 ft, in 
Thibet, is a small but distinct race: it is of the size of sikkimensis and phariensis, but has a constant variation 
from both, especially from the latter by the greater obscurity of the white of the ground colour and the remark¬ 
able reduction of the black markings of all wings. In the <$ the crescents on the hindwings are almost absent, 
in the $ they are retained faintly indicated. The same applies to the development of the sub marginal of the 
forewings although not to quite such a marked extent. The red markings are large and striking both on upper 
and undersides. — To the subsp. pceta Oherth. (Vol. 1. p. 307) we have to add the following conditional forms: 
ocellata. ab. ocellata Bryk with subcostal spots filled with red and besides with white pupils: this form seems to be typical 
nigerrima. for poeta. — ab. nigerrima Vrty. shows all spots and ocelli quite black without any red. No sub marginal in the 
hindwings and black marking of the base so strongly developed that it fills out the whole cell including the anal 
viftata. spots and reaches almost to the median ocellus. — ab. vittata Vrty. has the ocelli united by a band. — subsp. 
abruptus. abruptus 0. B.-H. from Kansu 45 km north of the town of Hsining, Tsingshilling, flies isolated on a precipitous 
and dangerous rocky mountain top 2500 m high and it is distinctly distinguishable from beresoivskyi Stgr. 
(Vol. 1, Plate 15 c) by the darker marking and the narrower shape of the wings. I 11 the markings it resembles 
abruptus of the race of phariensis Avin., but it is considerably larger. Both costal spots and hindmarginal spot 
of the type have red centres, the ocelli of the hindwings are elongated. 
4. Hardwickii-Group, 
hardwickii. P. hardwickii Gray (Vol. 1, p. 31). The ab. viridicans Fruhst. (Vol. 9, Plate 50 c, d) had already been 
viridicans. dealt with in the indian part of the Macrolepidoptera p. Ill, it is moss-green on the underside and was recently 
captured on the western Mount Everest region from Nyenyam and the Rongshar Valley at an altitude of 
natuposte- 12 500—14 000 ft. — ab. natuposterior O. B.-H. is the autumn brood taken at Mount Kufri near Simla. It is 
rwr. q u d e distinct from the spring brood albicans Fruhst. (Vol. 1, p. 31). All the markings in the autumn form are 
more pronounced and richer. In the forewings there are 2 or 3 subcostal spots as well as the hindmarginal 
spot with red centres and the marginal band is much more widely black. In the hindwings the dusting of hind- 
margin is more extensive, the ocelli are large with red centres: there are 5 blue marginal ocelli and a distinct 
black border, which are generally quite absent in the spring generation, ab. bosniackii Bryk must be mentioned 
here, it is an aberration of the veins. 
szechenyi. P, szechenyi Friv. (= amdensis Vrty.) (Vol. 1, Plate 15 e). A fine <J-ab. rubrosubmarginata O. B.-H. 
rubrosub- described from Tatung, it has distinct red coloured submarginal bands on the upperside of the fore and 
'ftlCLTQlYlCLtCL. . . c " 0 a -l 
hindwings. An analogous red colouration occurs in archonis Bryk of jacquemonti on the underside. — O. 
germainae. Bahg-Haas proposes to write germainae for germanae Aust. (5 a) (Vol. 1. p. 32) because Austatjt had dedicated 
frivaldszkyi. the subspecies to his niece Germaine Vautrin. Therefore the name should be germaineae. — The race frivaldszkyi 
O. B-.H. comes from Kansu in the Richthofen mountains southwest of Liang-chow which differs from the 
main type by lighter ground colour of the fore and hindwings in both sexes. Marginal and submarginal bands 
very faintly developed and the middle area of the forewings is very pale in colour. 
Orleans. P. Orleans Oberth. (Vol. 1. p. 32, Plate 13 c). The following conditional forms come from Szechuan from 
distingu- Sumpanting and Ta-tsien-lu: ab. distinguenda Bryk with no red in the highly coloured band of the forewings so 
enda. 
