PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 77 
that only the hindmarginal spot has a red centre. — ab. meyeri Bryk is orange-yellow in the ground colour 
band over the whole expanse of the forewings, whilst ab. waited Bryk is only thus coloured between cubitalis 1 
and 2. — ab. sphenagon Bryk is a $ with distinct wide hyaline margin of the forewings with a simultaneous 
reduction of the limbovariegata condition typical of this species. — ab. binocularis Bryk shows the ocelli with 
large white centres reminding one thereby of the ocelli of szechenyi. — ab. graphica Bryk like the former 
aberration but also with a divided white pupil of the median ocellus. — ab. expupillata Bryk has no white pupil 
in the red ocelli. — ab. semidecora Bryk has only the middle anal spot with red centre. — ab. clericalis Bryk 
has a black anal band without red. — ab. communista Bryk shows a distinct red centi’e in the basal spot of 
the disc of the hindwings. — ab. usurpator Bryk shows no white centres in the red basal spots. — In the aber¬ 
rations of the veins parnassica Bryk has media 1 arising directly from the corner of the cell. In subsp. 
bourbon! 0. B.-H. from the Richthofen mountains southwest Liang-chow in northern Kansu we find a 
characteristic reduction of the black marks as occurs in the races from this region. In comparison to groumi 
Oberth. (Vol. 1, Plate 16 b) the ES have no submarginal spots of the forewings and hindwings and also the 
marginal band is very reduced or even extinct, especially on the hindwings. The blue anal ocelli of the hindwings 
consist of minute spots. Also the $$ share in this lighter colouration and show the submarginal band of the 
forewings dissolved into single spots and the costal band often interrupted. The dusting of the hindmargin 
in the hindwings is fainter and the marginal band is often quite extinct. 
P. ceohalus Gr.-Grsh. (Vol. 1. p. 32, Plate 16 b). — maharaja Avin. from the Tagalang-la Pass 18 000 ft 
altitude and from Sugetdavan in Chinese Turkestan must be preliminarily placed here if one does not discern 
in it a separate species. The ES have white ground colour and in the forewings a brown hyaline margin and a 
row of dark lunules in the submarginal band which extends to beyond cubitalis 2. The subcostal band is crescent 
form and very faintly dusted extending to media 3. Cell spots are well developed and black: hindmarginal spot 
only faintly indicated. Margin of hindwings is dark, submarginal only discernible by a few dark scales. Instead 
of ocelli only a few dark scales are present which form a faint dark spot in place of the subcostal ocellus. An 
intermediate basal spot is faintly visible. The $ has better developed markings, especially on the hindwings 
which show a narrow but faintly dusted submarginal which is widely separated from the hyaline margin. The 
ocelli are indicated by brownish spots which are larger and heavier than in the A- In the subcostal ocellus 
one can discern faint reddish scalings. The dusting of the base and hindmarginal area is copious in both sexes: 
the fringes are black as in simo (5 e). The ground colour of the underside of the hindwings and the apex of the 
forewings shows the same reddish tone as P. przewalskyi (Vol. 1, p. 31), also the veins have no white scales 
along their course as in this species. The legs are pale red. In general appearance it resembles large delphius 
forms, whilst the sharply elongated contour of the forewings reminds one of a large simo. 
P. delphius Eversm. (Vol. 1, p. 32, Plate 15 d, e). The newly described conditional forms of this species 
have been placed under the relative races as the scope of variability of the various races is too little known so 
far. — ab. caeruleomaculata 0. B.-H. has 4 blue filled submarginal ocelli and seems to occur widely. — The 
aberration of the veins parnassica Bryk is the same as that described under P. Orleans. — intermedia Gr.- 
Grsh. ( = intermedia Vrty.) from Kuldscha in the western Thian-Shan is a form closely resembling injernalis 
which on the other hand strongly approaches namangana Stgr. In colouration it is midway between juldussica 
and the light form of the same candidatus. — The following conditional forms have to be added to subsp. 
albulus Hour. (5 a) Vol. 1. p. 33. The $ illustrated on the left of plate 5 is a combination of pura -f- semiextincta -j- 
mediextincta 0. B.-H. Small specimens with an expanse of 50—55 mm are denominated ab. nana 0. B.-H., 
and specimens with an expanse of 65—70 mm are named ab. magna O. B.-H. — ab. nigricans 0. B.-H. are dark 
albulus with glassy appearance and pure white ground colour which are often mistaken for infernalis. — ab. 
scotina Stick, are nigricans without red centres to the anal spots. In ab. satanas O. B.-H. one finds the extremest 
melanism, the specimens show no trace of white scales but have the ocelli filled with red. — ab. immarginata 
Niepelt has the hyaline margin missing on all wings, being displaced by the white ground colour. — ab. barteli 
Aust. shows the submargina-1 row of spots conjoined instead of detached as otherwise. — In ab. tancrei Aust. 
the submarginal spots are absent but the hindmarginal spot is retained. A similar series of variations occurs 
in chrysopis Aust. (ab. reducta + flavomaculata O. B.-H.) where the submarginal on all wings is extinct and at 
the same time the ocelli are filled with yellow. — In ab. rubropicta O. B.-H. both costal spots have red centres. 
In ab. desipiens the first costal spot is absent and in ab. omegascriptum Std. all 3 costal spots are united 
together so that they form a distinct greek omega. — In ab. amelia Stick, there is no red anal spot in the hind¬ 
wings and ab. liturata Aust. is marked as amelia — having however the subcostal band in the forewings united 
with the hindmarginal spot and in the hindwings both ocelli united by a bar. — ab. cocks Aust. has the hyaline 
margin widely dusted with black and the subcostal ocelli without a red centre. — ab. oclireomaculata 0. B.-H. 
has the ocelli filled with orange-yellow and ab. flavomaculata O. B.-H. shows the ocelli centred with yellow. — 
ab. eugraphica Std. has a divided white centre to the median ocellus. — ab. juno Std. shows enormously 
increased ocelli on the upperside. — §-ab. leucostigma Std. shows both ocelli or only one of them with a white 
centre. — In fere-azoraa Std. the ocelli are scarcely perceptibly surrounded with black. — The ab. inaequata 
meyeri. 
w alter i. 
sphenagon. 
binocularis. 
graphica. 
expupillata. 
semidecora. 
clericalis. 
commu¬ 
nista. 
usurpator. 
bourboni. 
cephalus. 
maharaja. 
delphius. 
caeruleoma¬ 
culata. 
intermedia. 
pura. 
semiex¬ 
tincta. 
mediex¬ 
tincta . 
nana. 
magna. 
nigricans, 
scotina. 
satanas. 
immar¬ 
ginata. 
barteli. 
tancrei. 
chrysopis. 
rubropicta. 
desipiens. 
omega¬ 
scriptum. 
amelia, 
liturata. 
codes, 
ochreoma- 
culata. 
flavo¬ 
maculata. 
eugraphica. 
juno. 
leucostigma 
fere-azona- 
inaequata. 
