78 
PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
Std. has the ocelli of the upper and undersides so formed that they do not quite synchronise. — In ab. agra- 
agrapho ■ phottiena Std. the red basal decoration is replaced by black. — In ab. nordmatiniides Std. the basal spots are 
nordmanni m ^ es ^ n S on the underside (analogous to Bryk’s apollo form). — ah. caeruleomaculata 0. B.-H. has 4 submarginal 
ides, ocelli filled with blue. — constans 0. B.-H. from the Aksu Valley (Chantengri) is remarkable by its pale colouring 
caeruleo- and wing expanse of 55 — 62 mm. Ocelli generally elongated (ab. posticelongata). The upper one is oblique, the 
constans me ^ an vertical. Generally the subcostal band is conjoined with the hindmarginal spot on the forewings 
( fasciata form). Hyaline margin is well developed on all wings in both sexes and separated on the forewings 
juldusslca. by a band of ground colour from the traverse dentate submarginal band. — jllldussica Vrty. from the Juldus 
in eastern Thian-Shan may be deemed a transition form between namanganus (Vol. 1 , Plate 16 a) and infernalis 
(Vol. 1 , Plate 15 f). The markings are finer and sharper than in intermedia Vrty. and have a considerably darker 
appearance. Anal spots generally with red centres. — At the same time and in various places in the Juldus 
candidatus. we also have the race candidatus 0. B.-H. which is much paler than juldussica and corresponds according to 
all the markings more closely with albulus Honr. (5 a): it is more neatly built, contour of wings more elongated, 
scaling sparser and development of the bands more delicate and narrow. In spite of these apparent differences 
both races are united by transitions so much that it is impossible to definitely distinguish between them. For 
reasons of priority candidatus should be the type form whilst the name juldussica should apply to the paler 
hamiensis. specimens of the race. — 0. Bang-Haas describes a further race hamiensis from Hami (= Chami) in the extreme 
east of the Thian-Shan. Expanse of the <$ is 49 mm, of the $ 50 mm. The race is generally close to candidatus 
in the weak development of all markings, but it differs constantly by the uniformly fine black dusting of the 
upperside of the wings. The small ocelli are striking, they are widely surrounded with black and the upper 
one is often reduced to a minute spot. Both the minute anal ocelli have small blue centres. — A further race 
described from the most eastern Thian-Shan north-west of Karashahr (in the Kutscha mountains 3500 m) is 
teams- karashahrica 0. B.-H. It is fairly large, the £ expanding 60 mm, $ 67 mm. The butterflies have a more dusky 
hahrica. a pp earance than juldussica and pale specimens are not known to occur aberratively. The marginal and sub- 
marginal bands of all wings are wide and black and separated by a transverse band of small pale spots. Subcostal 
band generally has red spots (= rubropicta O. B.-H.) and converges in an arc with the hindmarginal spot (= ab. 
fasciata. fasciata 0. B.-H.) by an adumbration extending to the cell and the base of the wings leaving only a small round 
spot near the hindmarginal spot towards the base. In the hindwings the anal spot seldom has a red centre. 
interjecta. As varieties we observe: ab. styx, ab. caeca and ab. semicaeca. The subsp. interjecta Vrty. from Transalai, 
Kysvl-su, Alai-Ispajran, is according to the authors very insufficient description “A constant race from 
Transalai which is a transition between infernalis and illustris In order to identify specimens from these 
districts it will be best to follow Ruehl’s advice to denominate all pale specimens from Alai and Transalai 
which form a transition between infernalis and illustris as interjecta. From the same habitat Bryk described 
arcadisus. 2 varieties: ab. arcadisus (= arcadius O. B.-H. err.) in which the subcostal band is dissolved into arc-like spots 
nordmanni - and which does not traverse exactly angulated as generally in all delphius forms: — and ab. nordmarsniides 
1 b ' which does not show any trace of basal spots, not even on the underside. This is a form which frequently occurs 
transiens. in typical illustris Gr.-Grsh. — transiens Aust. must be deemed a form of the last named race. It is not synon¬ 
ymous with it as stated in Vol. 1 , p. 33 but it is a pale form of constant yellowish ground colour showing 
besides the ocelli joined by a bar ( conjuncta form). — According to a single from Alitshur on the Lake of 
kiritschen- Jachil-Kul in south Pamir the race kiritschenkoi Avin. is described. Verity considers this a transition form 
kou between illustris and stoliczkana. The illustration of this type gives the impression of a pale illustris. Hind¬ 
marginal spot of the forewings is minutely small and all the other spots are reduced or appear to be reduced 
to an extreme. In the hindwings both anal and submarginal spots are absent. Whether the race is justified 
liodja. depends upon examination of further material. — The race hodja Avin. from Hodja-barku in the mountains 
of eastern Buchara is closely related to staudingeri O. B.-H. (Vol. 1 , p. 32, Plate 15 e) and is perhaps only a 
variety of same. It is distinguished by the wider more clearly marked bands and from infernalis Gr.-Grsh. by 
the wider brown outer margin of hindwings. The red ocelli are often conjoined by a bar (= conjuncta 0. B.-H.). 
darvasica. The race darvasica Avin. which is closely related to illustris Gr.-Grsh. also emanates from Darwas in Buchara. 
The main differences are that in darvasica we have very hyaline wings which are extremely transparent, quite 
apart from the condition of the specimens. Besides this the ocelli are very much brighter red and remind one 
of hunza Gr.-Grsh. (Vol. 1 , Plate 16 b). The development of the submarginal markings is midway between 
jakobsoni. illustris and Iciritshenkoi Avin. — subsp. jakobsoni Avin. from Pshart and Kisil-jar in central Pamir is said to 
lie between staudingeri O. B.-H. and chitralica Vrty. According to an illustration given by the author jakobsoni 
has much wider submarginal bands on all wings than illustris and the small subcostal ocelli are without red 
semicaeca, centres (semicaecaO. B.-H.). — ab. rubrojuncta described by 0. Bang-Haas as relating to subsp. cardinal Gr.-Grsh. 
rubrojun- (y 0 ] \ p 33 , Plate 15 f) is a rare variety which generally only occurs in this race. The bar between 
abramovi. the 2 ocelli is filled with red. — subsp. abramovi O. B.-H. (= sobolevskyi Avin) (5 a) from the Kwen-Liin 
mountains of Schahidulla lying north of the Karakorum Pass and from the Kiljang Pass belongs closely to , 
juldussica Vrty. Ocelli are still smaller and show a tendency to adumbration. At the same time red centres 
