80 
PARNASSIUS. By Che, Bollow. 
spitiensis. 
florenciae. 
obliterata. 
acdestis. 
priamus. 
semicaeca, 
exclam atio ■ 
nis. 
patricius. 
ladalcensis. 
rupshuana. 
lathonius. 
whitei. 
centripunc- 
ta. 
acco. 
punctata. 
spitiensis 0. B.-H. is found in July at an altitude of 5000 m, it has expanse of 45—54 mm. The forewings have 
wide marginal and submarginal bands whilst the subcostal band is mostly absent or only faintly indicated. 
Hindmarginal spot is often extinct. Marginal band of the hindwings is very wide and decorated with 5 marginal 
ocelli generally having blue centres. In fresh specimens the. median ocellus and anal spot are iridescent red 
with quite faint black ringlets. In the d'd' the anal ocellus is often reduced and the subcostal ocellus either 
entirely absent or reduced to a faint spot. The race florenciae Tytl. (= kumaonensis Biley) from east Thibet 
and north Kumaon is very close to spitiensis 0. B.-H. but is still considerably smaller. Marginal and submarginaJ 
bands are wide and well developed. The costal band is absent but the hindmarginal spot occurs. The median 
ocellus in the hindwings is only small and the subcostal ocellus absent or indicated by a faint spot. Specimens 
occur having the latter with red on both sides of the wings. In the marginal band there are 4 marginal ocelli 
of which the two first have blue centres. — The ab. obliterata Vrty. is said by Dr. Jordan to belong here. This 
is a type described from a rubbed $ having the median ocellus of the hindwings only indicated and the anal 
spot yellowish. 
P. acdestis Gr.-Grsh. (Vol. 1. p. 33, Plate 16 b). The subsp. priamus Bryk is found in central Thian-Shan 
in the Aksu valley at Chantengri. The fore wings are triangular with truncate apex and hindmarginal angle. 
The fringes are pale, the markings as in delphius. The wide costal band and quadrangular hindmarginal spot 
are not so dark. The middle cell spot is pointedly elongated and does not extend to the posterior cell nervure. 
Submarginal band of the hindwings is dissolved into 5 loosely connected streaks which are however united 
in the $ and separated from the hyaline margin widely by the ground colour. In the Q there are 2 white spots 
in the last 2 submarginal arcs. The ocelli are filled with orange-yellow and are not rounded. - In ab. semicaeca 
Bryk the subcostal ocellus is quite black and besides this in ab. exclamationis Avin. the 2 ocelli are also united 
by a bar. The race patricius Niep. from Nary risk, Thian-Shan. differs from priamus thereby that the sub¬ 
marginal spots are quite extinct on the hindwings and also all the other black markings are reduced. The small 
black ocelli are moved further distally from the cell than in delphius and are suffused with a layer of smoky- 
black scales like a cloudy shadow, so that the whole patch has an irregular blotch-like appearance. - ladakensis 
Avin. (5 b) described from a o$ at Shera Pass in east Ladak and represents a large very pale race. The wing 
contour is more truncate than in rupshuana, the marginal spots of the hindwings are larger, the other black 
markings very reduced. The middle cell spot of the forewings is little larger than the faint hindmarginal spot. - 
The further race of rupshuana Avin. flies at Rupshu, Tagalang Pass, in the southwest Ladak at an altitude of 
17 500 ft. It flies over loose stony regions at the top of the Pass almost touching the ground and with a similar 
flight to a bat. The author compares it with lampidius Fruhst. (5 c) but it is larger and the submarginal band 
in the hindwings is more reduced. The marginal spots in the hindwings are almost absent, only the second 
one is faintly retained, but it shows no blue colour. The wing contour is more elongated and the inner margin 
of the hindwings is incurved at the 4th nervule. — subsp. lathonius Bryk from Gyantse, Kampa-Jong in Thibet 
and not as erroneously indicated by Bryk from the Alai. Expanse of the wings is about 57 mm and the upper 
media is ingrown with radialis 4 to 5 at the entrance into the anterior cell corner. The antennae are ochre- 
brown at the base otherwise black. Forewings as in delphius, the middle cell spot oblong not extending to the 
posterior cell nervure. The first subcostal spot in the distinct subcostal band occurs with reddish scales. The 
ocelli of the hindwings are characteristic being Vermillion red without pupils, widely surrounded with black. 
The whole middle area of the wings including the ocelli zone is dusted with black as does not occur in delphius. 
The vermillion red spot in the 2nd basal spot reflects through on the upperside. Both marginal ocelli in the 
marginal band without blue centres. The margin of the hindwings faintly hyaline to cubitalis 2. The outer 
margin on the underside and the fringes of all wings with white scales. Forewings without markings except 
for the cell spot which is faintly retained. The extremities of nervures to the glassy submarginal band faintly 
powdered whitish. The red ocelli as on the upperside. — subsp. whitei Bingh. ( = macdonaldi Bothsch., pundit 
Avin.) (5 f) from the frontier of Thibet towards Sikkim and Bhutan occurs at considerable altitudes and differs 
from all other races of acdestis by the strong adumbration of all wings. Specimens occur in which all the wings 
are uniformly coloured black so that there is only a paler patch in the cell between the 2 deep black cell spots. 
Generally the costal and submarginal bands are confluent. — In ab. eentripuncta O. B.-H. a small black spot 
is found in the cell between the 2 cell sjiots. 
P. acco Gray (Vol. 1, p. 34). According to the investigations of Riley of the British Museum the 
habitat of the name type form is to be found between Nepal and Thibet (compare 0. Bang-Haas, Horae 
Macrolep., Vol. 1, p. 27 etc.) and it differs considerably from the race of hampsoni Avin. flying at Karakorum. 
General size is smaller, wing contour narrower and spots reduced. The submarginal band is formed of crescents 
of reduced size. In contrast to the name type form which has lively red coloured ocelli, the ocelli here are filled 
with pale red. — punctata Tytl. from Marsimik Pass, 15 000 ft, east of Leh on the frontier of Thibet is deno¬ 
minated without description from a black and white illustration. To judge by the illustration it is apparently , 
a strikingly small race with very darkened wings. 
