82 
PAKNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
simplicatus. 
grayi. 
lorimeri. 
suff usa. 
Candida. 
pygmaeus. 
hohlbecki. 
kozlovi. 
tenedius. 
r> ellopura. 
semicaeca. 
imperator. 
alticola. 
luctuosa. 
rex. 
semicaeca. 
charltonius. 
catenata. 
haudei. 
fermata. 
rubrocate- 
nata. 
by the fairly pointed, lancet-like wings and yellowish toned ground colour due to agglomeration especially on 
the hindwings, although the scaling is sparser than in simulator. It varies from same by a more faintly developed 
middle band of the forewings. Marking of hindwings very variable, specimens occur with well developed 
saggitate submarginal marks and others without any submarginal, but these can nevertheless always be 
distinguished from allied races by the markings of the forewings. — The race of simplicatus Stick. (= subdia- 
phana Vrty.) is found at Altyn Dag south of Lob-Noor. It is thinly scaled in both sexes of similar size to the 
name type but differing from same by more heavily developed dark markings. Ocelli of hindwings are united 
by a dark streak and the submarginal lunules are bold partly conjoined. - grayi Avin. (5 c) is the largest of 
all simo races and is close to simonius Sfgr. (Vol. 1, plate 16 d) but differs from same by its size and the very 
heavily developed submarginal markings on all wings. The dark markings stand out well from the densely 
scaled wing surface. Wing contour is broad as in simonius and not so pointed as in simulator Stgr. which 
otherwise is the same size as grayi. In contrast to simulator the submarginal band does not consist of sharp 
saggitate spots but it forms a continuous traverse band on the hindwings. — lorimeri Tytl. from the Kine- 
C'hish Pass, 14 000 ft in S. W. Ctilgit is, according to the author, related with boedromius Pueng. (Vol. 1, plate 
16 d). The costal spots of forewings are absent as well as the connecting band, but the submarginal band instead 
extends considerably inwards. Median ocelli of hindwings are strikingly approximated to close of cell. — ab. 
suffusa Vrty. ( — diaphana Vrty., Avin.) is a conditional form of boedromius in which the upper side of the wings 
is heavily dusted with black scales. — The following three races so closely resemble boedromius in their whole 
shape and appearance that they might be deemed subspecies of same if one were to recognise same as a higher 
entity: Candida Avin. from the neighbourhood of Sary-Jas in central Thian-shan is of approximately the same 
size as boedromius and differs by more truncate wing contour of both pairs of wings especially the apex of 
fore wings. Both cell spots of forewings are small and not so dark as in boedromius : the middle band is only 
faintly indicated, whilst the submarginal is distinctly separated by a wide row of light lunules from the marginal 
band. Ocelli of hindwings reduced to minute points: the conjoined arcs of the submarginal are better developed 
than in boedromius and pygmaeus 0. B.-H. so that the row of spots of the margin is reduced. — pygmaeus 
0. B.-H. is a smaller race from the Juldus valley in the eastern Thian-shan. It is darker than Candida and the 
markings are more clearly and sharply defined. The middle band of forewings extends to the hindmargin. — 
hohlbecki Avin. (5 c) is still darker, it comes from the eastern part of the Alexander Mountains. The 3 bands 
of the forevdngs are wider, darker and more sharply defined and the patch between the submarginal and cell 
and media 2 and the hindmargin is thickly scaled with brown. In the hindwings the small black ocelli spots 
are generally united by a streak and besides the median ocellus widely with the anal spot. — The race kozlovi 
Vrty. (= kozlowyi Vrty. [ Alpk. i. 1.] (5 c) is very close to acconus Fruhst.. (Vol. 1, p. 34) from Amdo. The chief 
difference lies in the hindwings. Whilst in subsp. acconus the margin is without any adumbration, kozlovi has 
a distinct if only narrow black margin and the submarginal consists of a traverse row 7 of arcs in contrast to the 
large sagittate submarginal band of acconus. The ocelli have small red centres and the median is united in a 
band with the anal spots. 
P. tenedius Eversm. (Vol. 1, p. 34, plate 16 c). A conditional form ab. cellopura 0. B.-H. occurring end 
of June at Chulgaisha (2300 m) in the Sajan mountains is distinguishable by having the end cell spot of the 
forewings reduced and the middle cell spot quite absent, besides the hindwings have only black subcostal ocelli 
like ab. semicaeca O. B.-H. 
5. Charltonius-Group. 
P. imperator Oberth. (Vol. 1, p. 34, plate 16 f). According to Verity the $ ab. alticola probably originates 
from Ta-tsien-lu from high altitudes and it is distinguished by almostly completely black ocelli. - ab. luctuosa 
Oberth. has black marginal ocelli. — subsp. rex O. B.-H. from Hsining, Nanchan Mountains, Tatung in Kansu 
differs from musageta Gr.-Grsh. (Vol. 1, plate 16 e) by its yellowish white ground colour and dark dusting. — 
ab. semicaeca O. B.-H. is a $ with large subcostal ocelli of hindwings of black colour without red centre. 
P. charltonius Gray (Vol. 1, p. 35). This type is found between Nepal and Thibet according to Riley 
(compare notes under acco and simo Gray in this regard). A with potential $ markings has been named ab. 
catenata Bryk. - ab. haudei Bryk has the costal band attached to the cell, after having conjoined with the 
elongated distorted cell marginal stripe, forming in the middle of the w ings an enormous “Y” through the two 
cell stripes resting on a deeply dark triangle. - ab. fermata Bryk has an isolated intermediate basal mark such 
as is often found in P. mnemosyne. - - In ab. rubrocatenata the two ocelli of the hindwings are united by a red bar: 
