PARNASSIUS. By Chr. Bollow. 
83 
in this type the anal spots also have red centres. — ab. flavomaculata Bryk of the race of ducalis have yellow 
ocelli. — Stichel describes a conditional form of subsp. princeps (Vol. 1 , p. 35), which Bryk felt himself induced 
to christen novarae. Markings of forewings are nearly extinct and it has a black spot on hindwings in place of 
the whole row of red spots. — ab. mendica Bryk is a <$ with unicoloured black subcostal ocellus. - ab. geminella 
Bryk is a <$ with the highly coloured ocellus subdivided in two. — ab. graphicoides Bryk has two white spots 
in the centre of the median ocellus. - In ab. atroguttata Bryk there is an isolated black spot on the underside 
in the disc of the hindwings. - — The inevitable vein aberrations also occur — viz: $-ab. parnassiomima Bryk 
of the race of ducalis in which the 3rd radialis arises from the anterior corner of cell. — ducalis Boullet d• leCerf 
(= occidentalis Bryk) from Chitral at an altitude of abt 14 000 ft is a race that according to the dates of capture 
must have an extended flying period: specimens were captured on 8 th June and up to 5th August. The ground 
colour is grey white with sharply outlined black markings, which are better developed than in the name type 
form. The development of the black dusting from the base of hindmargin to the anal ocellus on hindwings 
is striking and the enlarged rather elongated ocelli with their bright carmine red colour, always without white 
centres are characteristic. Submarginal band with its blue ocelli is separated by a narrow band from the 
marginal band. — Verity denominates as deckerti the race from Cashmir, 4200—4800 m. It is of pale white 
ground colour with enormously distended ocelli of bloodred colouration. The inner side of the surround of the 
median ocellus is much enlarged and contrasts with the otherwise narrow black surround. The anal spots are 
of the same colour as the ocelli, deckerti was considered by previous authors to be an aberration of the name 
type form in the belief that its habitat was at Cashmir, but as already mentioned this has proved to be erroneous. 
—- The race bryki Haude is widely distributed in the Niling Pass, 14 000 ft, Tsuling Pass to the Shipki Pass in 
Spiti, N. W. of Poo (Pu) and the Tum-Tum-Thang mountains. It is smaller than deckerti and the name type 
and it has a traverse costal band like the latter, but the arcs of same are more rounded than pointed. Hindwings 
are more densely dusted and appear lighter consequently. The submarginal is somewhat reduced, almost as in 
princeps Hour., but with well developed marginal ocelli, not touching the median or anal ocelli. The ocelli are 
smaller than in the previous races and in freshly caught specimens they show deep red colouration and always 
with white centres. Variability is very great and unless otherwise mentioned the variations above described 
by Bryk belong here. O. Bang-Haas has enumerated the following forms with the remark that with the 
numerous material before him, he can increase same ad. libitum: ab. rubromaculata O. B.-H. ocelli deep red 
without white pupils. — ab. roseomaculata 0. B.-H. ocelli rose-red. — ab. flavomaculata O. B.-H. ocelli yellowish 
and ab. vinosa 0. B.-H. ocelli wine-red. — ab. caeruleocaeca O. B.-H. marginal ocelli without blue centres. - 
ab. subpuncta 0. B.-H. anal spot and median ocellus are united. ab. magma O. B.-H. are unusually large with 
an expanse up to 78 mm. — ab. nana O. B.-H. are dwarf-like, expanse only 50 mm. The name romanovi Gr.-Grsh. 
should be used instead of princeps Hour. (Vol. 1 , p. 35, plate 16 e) as it has precedence by priority. — ab. 
vaporosus Avin. comes from the east of Darwas, it is close to princeps Hour, but differs through more faintly 
developed cell spots in the forewings and more pronounced submarginal and costal bands, generally also the 
dusting is sparser. The red median ocellus is elongated obliquely and the inner black margin is heavier forming 
an almost straight line: the margins are generally darker than in princeps , almost like charltonius, vaporosus 
appears to be the palest of all known races. — The race autocratur Avin. (6 e) from the Gushnon Pass at Darwas 
at the frontier of S. W. Pamir is probably the most beautiful of all Parnassius forms. A single was caught, 
it may be the representative of a separate species. In the forewings the submarginal is confluent with the costal 
band from media 2 , forming a ‘'Y”-like marking. On the hindwings the median ocellus and anal ocelli form 
a band of beautiful orange red being abt 15 mm long and 7 mm wide. - The race voigti 0. B.-H. described 
from the Pagman mountains, 30 miles North of Cabul on the An-Suchas Pass (3500 m). It is the poorest in 
marking of all charltonius races, being nearest to vaporosus Avin. The black markings of the forewings are darker 
than in the latter and the costal band is complete. On the hindwings one is struck by the smallness of the 
median ocellus which is quite circular and with wide black surround. So far only the $9 are known. 
P. loxias Pueng. (Vol. 1, p. 35). Avinov describes a new race raskemensis from a $ specimen found on 
the Kilang Pass (5040 m), north of Shahidulla, west of the Raskem Mountains. It differs from the name type 
form of the Thian-shan by a reduction of the hyaline marginal border of all wings and by the considerable 
extension of the submarginal markings. In the hindwings the marginal ocelli are elongated inwards and the 
blue colouring is reduced. The base of the hindwings is more heavily dusted with black. 
flavomacu¬ 
lata. 
novarae. 
mendica. 
geminella. 
graphicoi¬ 
des. 
atroguttata. 
ducalis. 
deckerti. 
bryki. 
rubromacu¬ 
lata. 
roseo macu- 
lata. 
flavomacu¬ 
lata. 
vinosa. 
caeruleo¬ 
caeca. 
subpuncta. 
magna. 
nana. 
romanovi. 
vaporosus. 
autocratur. 
voigti. 
loxias. 
raskemen¬ 
sis. 
