PIERIDAE; APORIA. By Chr. Bollow. 
93 
2. Family: Piendae, Whites. 
The increase in denominations since writing the chapter in Vol. 1 (in September 1907) relates far less 
to describing newly discovered forms than to giving names to aberrations which formerly were not noticed 
or which their discoverers did not deem worthy of a name. Opinions are divergent in regard to the necessity 
or value of such names, but consistently with the purposes of this work we are registering them in the following 
chapter more as a reference than as critics. The large proportion of characteristics of ascertained generations 
or localities and the giving of names thereto is only of sense when specimens can be denominated even without 
the particulars of the locality and the date. If it is absolutely impossible to decide the name of a perfect 
specimen unless one has the place of origin and date of capture then a scientific name is scarcely justified. One 
could proceed especially critically in the Pierids which are mostly one coloured white or yellow: nevertheless 
only very few forms have been dealt with summarily whilst with names that could have been omitted generally 
one characteristic at least is given and we leave it to our readers to form their own judgment in regard to the 
value of such diagnoses. When the names have been rejected it would be best to refer to the index and register 
of the original descriptions. (Seitz.) 
1. Genus : Apoa*ia Hbn., Black-veined Whites. 
A. crataegi L. (Vol. 1, Plate 17 a). The ab. infraochreata Vrty. from Tuscany has the underside of the crataegi. 
wings ochre-yellow. — ab. koyi Bid. from Hungary is a $ with hindwings coloured smoky-black, forewings infraochre- 
slightly paler in the disc. — ab. atricolor 0. B.-H. (7 a) has uniformly deep black wings on the upper and under- 
sides as shown by a q from Kultshuk on the Lake of Baikal. — pseudohippia Vrty. is a transition to liippia, the atricolor. 
veins of the underside of the hindwings are margined in precisely the same way as in liippia. — ab. homogryphus homogry- 
Brylc has the so-called false vein without black dusting. — subsp. basamius Fruhst. from the alpine lakes, on phus. 
the southern slopes of the Simplon, and the neighbourhood of Rome is of pure white upperside, also without mbanu(b - 
black scalings on the distal areas of the wings. The $ without any hyaline median patch in the forewings. - 
Very similar to it if not completely synonymous is meridionalis Vrty. from central Italy: the TT are without 
the dark triangular marginal spots of more northern specimens and the $2 never have a grey clouding of the 
discal cell. — augustior Graves from Transjordania is a smaller white form with fewer black scalings on the augustior. 
upperside, the underside without a yellowish tinge, dull, white with heavily black edged veins. — minor Vrty. minor. 
( Oberth i. 1.) is a dwarf form from the high Pyrenees. — subsp. mauretanica described by Oberthur from Algeria maureta- 
is a very large form, the glossy white with very fine vein formation, the small grey spots at the border of the nica - 
wings being generally absent. The underside of the hindwings lightly dusted with grey. The $ is yellowish. 
- subsp. sibirica Vrty. from Tomsk has the general appearance of typical Scandinavian specimens with sibirica. 
pronounced triangular marginal spots which are inclined to form a band. The chief difference lies on the under¬ 
sides where the veins are darkly edged, the hindwings powdered with black scales, fainter than in atomosa, 
which it also exceeds considerably in size. The $$ are similar to the $<$, white on the upperside. — meinhardi meinhardi. 
Krul. another $ form of this race has very transparent ochre-colourecl wings and at the base of the hindwings 
on the underside a saffron yellow costal mark. — sajana Vrty. is scarcely distinguishable from sibirica , the $2 
are very transparent with a rather more brownish than ochre-yellow tone. — subsp. ussurica Kardakofj is ussurica. 
considerably larger than sajana Vrty., the wings being more elongated. The <$<$ are white with dark veins, 
the $$ with light veins and transparent forewings, the hindwings have black veins and outer margin faintly 
dusted with white. Undersides scarcely perceptibly dusted with black. Sutshan, Sidemi, Narva, Barabash. - 
ab. sordida Kardakoff rarely occurs in this race. The discoidal area is darkly scaled and the veins also inter- sordida. 
nervally, and the underside of the hindwings is adumbrated with the exception of the inner margin. Narva. 
Meinhard proposes for all these east Siberian, mongolian and central asiatic forms the common name of subsp. 
asiatica. The GS are said to be pale milky white, the $$ with almost transparent wings, yellowish-brown, asiatica. 
