98 
PIERIS. By Chr. Bollow. 
minor. 
jnba. 
massivd. 
pseudonapi. 
nlpesiris. 
napi. 
subnapaeae. 
bimaculata. 
hipunctata, 
aversoma- 
ciilata. 
postero- 
macidata 
confluens. 
semi fas¬ 
cial a. 
continua. 
wolenskyi. 
biroi. 
fountainei. 
flava. 
flavescens. 
meta. 
roberi. 
gorniki. 
subtalba. 
lutescens 
hibernica. 
schmidti. 
fumigata. 
basinigra. 
thusnelda. 
innocens. 
grisea. 
elongala. 
arctica. 
In regard to colouration and disposition of markings it resembles more to the summer form of melete than to 
the spring form. All black markings are reduced, the size is smaller. - According to Verity a very small form 
occurs in Korea which otherwise is quite similar to the specimens flying in Japan: minor Vrty. — subsp. juba 
Fruhst. has the upperside pure white, tiil 1 disco id a I cell scarcely perceptibly dusted with grey. The underside 
resembles montana Vrty. (Vol. 9, p. 140) flying in Sikkim: Isle of Tsushima. subsp. massiva Fruhst. is a very 
large form from Hondo. The with grey diffuse apical mark and indistinct subapical marks, in the $ the base 
and cell of the forewings are dusted with red-brown as in alpestris Vrty. Hindwings with unusually distended 
vein covering in the distal part. pseudonapi Vrty. (7 b) from the Isle of Yesso is probably the smallest of 
all Japanese races. The <$ is well characterised by the total absence of the discoidal spot. alpestris Vrty. from 
Ta-tsien-lu (Szechuan) is a large form from the high mountains with richer marking, especially the $$ being 
very darkly dusted with reddish-brown sheen. 
P. napi L. (Vol. 1, p. 48, plate 21 b). In no other Pieris species has there been such an orgy of 
denominations as in napi. If one were to remove the locality and date of capture from the pin even the author 
would sometimes be unable to uphold a definition. On the basis of examinations of alledged “Linne types “ 
in London Verity has given new denominations which should be rejected as being irrelevant. He comes to 
the conclusion that the first generation of napi flying in mid-Europe is not Linne’s napi. He wishes to see 
this name reserved for the first generation of South Sweden and he names our mid-european race septentrionalis, 
the first generation flying around Florence which is said to vary most from the south Swedish napi , he calls 
vulgaris. Also the summer form napaeae Esp. is to be renamed (there is some justification for this) and the 
name in question is subnapaeae Vrty. *). Varieties with increased markings are: <Yab. bimaculata Schima of 
the second generation with 2 black spots in the disc as in the $: this form was described a few years later when 
occurring in the first generation as bipunctata Osth. aversomaculata Stack is a 9 with 3 spots on the underside 
of the forewings and $-ab. posteromaculata Rev. (= posteromaculata Stack) has a black spot in the disc of the 
hindwings. — $-ab. confluens Schima has the median spots confluent. — ab. semifasciata Gabeau has both 
median spots similarly merged so that a dumb-bell shaped band is formed. A similar variation occurs in ab. 
continua Bryk: the apical mark is in this case joined with the median spots and forms a continuous submarginal 
band. In the hindwings there is also a dark spot between the 3rd median and 1st cubitus. — Reduced markings 
are shown by d'-ab. wolenskyi Berger. The hindwings have the black spot at the costa indicated only by a few 
separate dark scales: the extremities of the veins have blackish spots becoming paler and smaller towards the 
anal region. - In ab. biroi Dioszegki the apical mark is absent. — (J-ab. fountainei Vrty. of the first generation 
has the 'veins of the underside not greenish and sharply outlined but indicated only by distributed scales 
forming dense grey triangles at the margin. Cattaro. — Colour variations are: ab. flava Kane (= flavometa 
Schima) of the first generation has a yellowish upperside: in the austrian Alps. A similar colouration in the 
second generation from Modling near Vienna with a brighter yellow and with an increase and considerable 
extension of the black markings is called flavescens Wagner. — $-ab. meta Wgn. nee Rob. of the summer form 
has a white ground colour, the upperside intermedia like and the underside marked like napaeae. Kautz gives 
as nom. nov. roberi for meta Rob. — $-ab. gorniki Kautz of the first generation is similar to meta with pale 
grey dusted base of the forewings and the veins faintly outlined with grey. Forewings and hindwings with 
pale grey marginal bands in which narrow white streaks contrast prettily in the internerval spaces. — To the 
first generation also belongs $-ab. subtalba Schima. On the underside the apex of the forewings and the 
hindwings is not yellow but milky or chalky white. — $-ab. lutescens Schima is characterised by its ochre or 
saffron yellow ground colour, the arrangement of markings is similar to radiata Rob. : Modling near Vienna. — 
ab. hibernica Schmidt are <$<$ and $$ from Ireland with yellow colour and ab. schmidti Schmidt is a hybrid between 
hibernica <$ X napi the ground colour is yellow-grey to yellow-brown. — ab. fumigata Gillmer (= nigrans 
Vrty.) from Silesia are very melanic specimens. All the wings are uniformly dark smoky-grey on the upper 
and undersides so that the markings of both as well as the veins on the underside are scarcely perceptible. 
cJ-ab. basinigra Harwood of the first generation shows a specially pronounced dusting of the base of the forewings. 
In Illyria we find $-ab. thusnelda Std., a pale form without discal spot on the underside. The upperside has 
all black markings reduced, even sometimes being almost quite absent, it is an analogous form to rapae 
impunctata Cock. — Still more extreme is A-ab. innocens Std. of the first generation from the Laudach Lake 
near Gmunden. This is quite uniformly white without any trace of black. — $-ab. grisea Sibille flying in June 
has the base of the forewings, costa and apex, and all veins of the upperside dusted with grey. — ab. elongata 
Der. with elongated extended wings appears to be a pathological form. Dwarf forms are (J-ab. nanella Strand, 
napella Lamb, and minor Crombrugghe. — Subspecies or races newly described: var. arctica Vrty. ( = arctica 
Sheldon) from arctic Europe is clearly separable from the race flying in the high alps of Europe in spite of 
many resemblances. It belongs to the radiata type with widely black surrounded veins, especially on the 
*) Whoever would like to inform himself of Verity's views will find everything recorded in‘‘Entomologists Record 
and Journal of Variation”, vol. 34, No. 7 and 8, 1922 and in the “Journal of the Linnean Society" vol. 32, London 1913. 
Verity certainly errs in the creation of his many races as he does not seem to be ceitain himself in regard to the scientific 
description of a “race”. It is to be hoped that no one will consider himself a “specialist 1 ’ and proceed to work up napi 
“scientifically" similarly to the way of Parnassvus Apollo L. 
