COLIAS. By Chr. Bollow. 
107 
surface of the wings. The $ shows yellowish colouration. chinensis Vrty. from Szechuan and from the more chinensis. 
distant surroundings of Ta-tsien-lu is also related to nepalensis Dbl. The $ is a beautiful sulphur yellow, the 
£ more whitish with greenish tinge. The 4 median spots are particularly large and very striking by their bright 
orange-red, chiefly in the hindwings. maxima Btlr. from Japan is only characterised by its remarkable size, maxima. 
G. Cleopatra L. (Vol. 1, p. 61). A $ form citrina Shelf. frequently flies in Greece, the hindwings are cleopalra. 
uniform lemon-yellow (quite similar to that of the <$), the forewings are a similar shade but somewhat paler cxiT%na - 
in the basal half. — Verity deems it necessary to separate the Cleopatra flying around Florence as a ,,race“ 
europaeus. He bases himself on an examination of a $ in the Linne collection in London which he considers 
the type. This cannot be upheld and it has been repeatedly pointed out from competent sources that Verity’s 
attempts at nomenclature are only creating confusion through his constant new naming and renaming. A 2nd 
generation secunda Vrty. and a 3rd tertia Vrty. are also said to occur around Florence, but this again requires 
confirmation. — caerulescens and virida Vrty. are denominations of minute colour variations which are not 
worthy of special names. — ab. ochreata Vrty. has all wings coloured ochre. — The dalmatian race of cleopatra ochreata 
has a peculiar wing contour. The apex of the forewings is more falcate, the outer margin of all wings towards 
the posterior angle is very convex. The margin of the hindwings is nevertheless entire, with scarcely any 
perceptible dentations. The $$ have no trace of a greenish tinge on the upperside, they are almost white with 
a slight indication of delicate yellow. The underside is greenish or yellowish chrome colour: dalmatica Vrty. dalmatica. 
A very small race insularis Vrty. without any other characteristics, flies in Crete. balearica Bubacek somewhat insularis. 
larger from Majorca (in the Balearic Islands). The underside of the wings of the $ is almost uniform yellowish- balearica. 
green, in the disc of the forewings somewhat deeper yellowish almost bright yellow. 
G. aniintha Blch. (Vol. 1, p. 61). Verity describes the $ ab. mascula from Mupin (Szechuan) which amintha. 
is almost as yellow in colour as the with only a pale greenish tone. mascula. 
18. Genus: Colias F. 
C. palaeno L. (Vol. 1, plate 25 a). The specimens from mid and southern Sweden vary from typical 
palaeno through the undersides which are uniform greyish without any greenish tinge. Bryk separated this 
race as synonyma. The ab. nordstromi of this race has a considerably enlarged silver spot surrounded by 
black and elongated to a point towards the margin of the wings. octava Bryk shows a double silver spot on 
the ixnderside. — ab. sitowskii Biez. shows all bands of all wings very wide and in the forewings cuneiform 
extending half way towards the inner margin. - parva Huene from Estlancl is a dwarf form. - The following 
varieties are ranged to europome E-sp.: atavista Stephan with strikingly pale yellow ground colour, reminding 
one thereby of a typical palaeno. — ab. schroderi Hommel has lost all the rosy red marks. — $ specimens with 
the middle spot of the forewings with a pupil are called pupillata Piesczek. — binotata Cabeau has an additional 
spot above the discoidal spot on the hindwings both on the upper and undersides. — bimaculata Schroeder is 
a similar aberration to octava Bryk in the name type form. — The following new varieties of europomene O. 
have been described, obliterata Vrty. from Switzerland shows a pale grey, faint marginal band on the forewings, 
whilst the undersides have retained normal colouration. — illgneriana Vorbr. are §9 with delicate lemon-yellow 
colouration: they form in this way a transition to illgneri Ruhl. — When characteristics of both these ab¬ 
errations occur in one specimen it is $ ab. illgneri-reducta Schroder. flavoradiata Wheeler has yellow veins 
running in a striking way through the reduced marginal bands of the fore wings. — $ ab. flavoinspersa Heinrich 
from Switzerland shows densely yellow scaled bands over the whole width. Verity names jura ss ica a race 
of europomene flying in the Jura of which the <$<$ have a particularly deep black marginal band without the 
slightest trace of any yellow scales. On the forewings the marginal band extends along the inner margin towards 
the base ending in a fine point. — arctica Vrty. from the province Jakutsk in north Siberia is smaller than 
orientalis Stgr. In the the marginal band is deep black and less ex-curved inwardly, in the $ on the other 
hand it is paler almost grey-black. The underside of the <$ is a nice green, the $ is powxlered brownish. The 
silver middle spot is very large. — $ ab. avinoffi Vrty. from Finland has a yellow ground colour to the upperside avinoffi. 
of the wings. -— sachalinensis Mats, is practically identical with aias Fruhst, only the marginal band is wider. 
This and the other mentioned characteristics are not valid and by no means justify the creation of a subspecies. 
palaeno. 
synonyma. 
nordstromi. 
octava. 
sitowskii. 
parva. 
atavista. 
schroderi. 
pupillata. 
hinotata. 
obliterata. 
illgneriana. 
illgneri-re¬ 
ducta. 
flavoradia¬ 
ta. 
flavoinsper¬ 
sa. 
jurassica. 
arctica. 
C. werdandi Zell. (Vol. 1, plate 25 b, c). ab. octava Bryk has a double silver spot on the underside of the werdandi. 
hindwings. - phicomonides Vrty. from Quickjock in polar Norway is a beautiful form. The is a bright green, oc ^ ava - 
the $ is wdiite. The collar is a beautiful rose colour. — f. zemblica Vrty. from Novaja-Semlja has according ' L y es _ 
to a single known specimen in the British Museum a very large discoidal spot, whilst otherwise the general zemblica. 
colouration is extremely pale. The underside is very similar to sulitelma-boothi H.-Schdff. and it is questionable 
whether it is not identical with the latter species. The specimen in question is not well developed. 
