COLIAS. By Chr. Borrow. 
111 
of southern Europe Verity chooses as typical representative the hyale flying in Tuscany and names it calida. mi)tin. 
— Further large brightly coloured <$<$ and for a great part also similarly coloured 2 $ are shown by the race 
australis Vrty. from Andalusia. The black markings are often reduced. Krtjrikowski assembles the races australis. 
of southern Russia and middle Asia under subsp. meridionalis. The name has no justification as no single one 
of these races is recognisably described. - 1 — subsp. afghana 0. B.-H. from the Pagman mountains are small and a/ghana. 
dainty butterflies of deep yellow colour which approach in other respects closely to sareptensis Stgr. (Vol. 1, 
pi. 25 g). — (j-ab. eratoides Strd. from Naryn in Turkestan remind one on the upperside of erate and on the eratoides. 
underside of liyale. — subsp. glicia Fruhst. (Vol. 9, plate 72 f) flies in Kashmir. It is striking by the conjoined glicia. 
relatively large, yellow subapical spots of the fore wings and in its general appearance reminds one of sarepl- 
ensis Stgr. from south Russia. — subsp. palidis Fruhst. from the Vilui district of east Siberia has $$ with cream palidis. 
coloured upperside and 22 with pale yellowish-white, which are relatively very small. The outer margin of 
all wings inclines to a light grey colouration and the discal spot of the hindwings is also pale. The black 
markings of the underside are meagre. — subsp. naukratis Fruhst. from Siberia approaches alta Stgr. (Vol. 1, naukratis. 
plate 26 a). It has a delicate yellow ground colour and is in regard to size midway between the middle european 
and japanese —- irkutskana Std. are AS with an expanse of only 28—30 mm. they are of pale yellowish irkidskana. 
green colouration similar to heliceides. The apical mark of the fore wings is uniformly coloured grey and much 
reduced in size, the discal spot is very small. The hindwings are without a black margin on the upperside and 
the median spot is absent. A dark cuneiform mark stretches from the base to the outer margin. altaica Vrty. altaica. 
is also remarkable by its small size and less rounded wing contour. The outer margin of the forewings is almost 
straight and the apex is very acute. The A is a bright yellow colour, the 2 white with scarcely a tinge of 
yellowish. The race cachgarica Vrty. from Kashgar also belongs to the races of small size, it has shorter and cachgarica. 
wider wings. The AA have a bright yellow colouration and large but rather diffuse markings. amdensis Vrty. amdensis. 
from Amdo is larger than the previous race and forms a transition to poliographus Motsch. - Here we may 
mention a small A of scarcely half the size of the asiatic specimens from Ichang, China, nana Vrty. In the nana. 
east of China poliographus Motsch. flies in a smaller form which Verity has separated as chinensis. immanis chinensis. 
Vrty. emanates from Siao-lu and Omei-shan in west China, it is a very large form of poliographus. The wing imm ams. 
expanse on an average is 60 mm. The $ has the same colouring as the yellow A- Both sexes are yellow on the 
underside without black powdering. pyxagathus Fruhst. (Vol. 9, p. 164) from the high mountains of western pyxagatlms. 
China is also a giant form of bright lemon-yellow colour. Varieties of poliographus Motsch. are as follows: 
$-ab. leucoides Strd. of pale whitish-yellow ground colour on the upperside and similarly on the underside leucoides. 
except for the dark apex. f. murina Fruhst. from Nagasaki has a mouse-grey apical mark instead of black, murina. 
— napata Fruhst. from the northern-most part of Japan has very fine, almost punctiform, yellow subapical napata. 
spots on the forewings. Its size is small in comparison to the other large japanese forms of hyale. We still have 
to mention croceocoma Krul. ( nom. nov. for chrysocoma Gr.-Grsh., Vol. 1, p. 65). croceocoma. 
C. erate Esp. (Vol. 1. plate 26 b). Varieties which occur more or less frequently in all localities where 
this species is found are: ab. conjuncta Vrty.. where the discoidal spot is joined with the margin of the wings by 
a black streak. ab. diffusa Vrty. shows the submarginal band extinct except for a few traces in the apex of 
the forewings being displaced by reddish-yellow scales, especially in the forewings. — White 2$ from south 
Russia in which the white ground colour of the forewings is faintly interspersed with orange-red scales and 
the spots of the hindwings are coloured orange, are called chrysopallida Vrty. They are fairly heavily powdered 
with black at the base of the wings. — androconiata Jach. has a ,,mealy spot“ like edusoides Krul. ( = helichta 
Alph.) at the base of the hindwings. It flies in the deserts of south-east Russia, in the Caucasus as far as 
Central Asia. — ab. benesignata Shelj. (nom. nov. for edusoides Vrty. nec Krul) are A A which differ from edusa 
bv the sulphur-yellow ground colour of the wings and sometimes by the absence of the scent scales. They 
are very striking. South Russia. — Erf which appear similar to chrysotheme. especially through the diffuse 
orange coloured shade of the upperside of the wings are called chrysothemoides Vrty. — A mixture of chry- 
sodona and hyaleoides from Svrdarja is called chrysohyaleoides Vrty. — The largest known form of erate 
comes from Aksu in Turkestan, it is a giant lace which Verity has named gigantea. — AA belonging to a 2nd 
and 3rd generation have been named by Avinoff maculigena when the yellow spots in the black submarginal 
band are quite pale. They occur everywhere but especially frequently in the Himalayas. 
erate. 
conjuncta. 
diffusa. 
chrysopaUi- 
da. 
androconia¬ 
ta. 
benesigna¬ 
ta 
chrysothe¬ 
moides. 
chrysohya¬ 
leoides. 
gigantea. 
maculigena. 
C, erschoffi Alph. (Vol. 1, (date 26 c). 2? which have a beautiful orange-red colouration of all the erschoffi. 
wings are called by Verity aurantiaca. - If the ground colour is changed to lemon-yellow and the disc is coloured aurantiaca. 
reddish-golden, then they are named aurantiacoflava Vrty. The hindwings are of the same colour but liberally aurantiaco- 
interspersed with greenish scales stretching from the base to the margin of the wings. — A ab. 
Vrty. gives one the impression of being a hyale sort through the yellow" colour of the wings. 
pseudohvale fiava. 
J pseudohy- 
ale. 
C. nina Fawc. It must remain a matter for later research to decide whether a separation of nina and nina. 
herylla Fawc. (Vol. 1, plate 26 c) is justified. Rirey described a new r subsp. Ilingstoni from Thibet on the hingstoni. 
boundary of the palaearctic region. This is a form that lies between nina and ladakensis. The markings of 
the wings are the same as those of nina. only yellow" submarginal spots of all wings are somewhat smaller in 
