114 
COLIAS. By Chr. Bollow. 
pupillata. 
pallida. 
demargina- 
la. 
caspicus. 
fieldi. 
ehinensis. 
croceus. 
minor. 
ridicula. 
hyerensis. 
lacrimans. 
auiumnalis. 
purpuras- 
cens. 
flammea. 
crassesig- 
nata. 
helena. 
flavida. 
suffusa. 
melanitica. 
aegra. 
dawsoni. 
nigrofascia- 
ta. 
cremonae. 
schirberi. 
cinerascens. 
passa. 
albissima. 
adoratrix. 
nigra. 
pallida. 
chrysofhe- 
meformis. 
in size and the dark markings are correspondingly suppressed: in the hindwings they often disappear complete¬ 
ly. — Specimens with a pupilled discoidal spot of the forewings are pupillata Pieszczek. — ab. pallida Skala 
is where the middle spot of the forewings is absent. — In demarginata Pieszczek the red brown spots on the 
underside of the wings are missing. — Stichel describes subsp. caspicus from Resht on the north coast of Persia. 
The ground colour of all the wings is a bright sulphur yellow, sometimes with an inclination towards reddish 
orange starting from the base and dissolving into the yellow of the wing colour. — Verity was misled by a 
false label when he established the race of graeca. It was a specimen of a from Iowa in N. America, presumably 
eurytheme Bsd. the $ belonging thereto originated from a locality in S. Europe without further details. 
C. fieldi Men. (Vol. 1, plate 26 g). Verity received specimens from central China and Thibet on which 
he based his race of ehinensis. This is larger than the type form — 48 to 60 mm expanse. The discoidal spot 
of the hindwings is remarkably enlargened and the colouration of the CB is much brighter. The show 
a wider black marginal band with very small yellow antemarginal spots. 
C. croceus Fourcr. (Vol. 1, plate 26 g). Verity has named the spring generation occurring in the 
palaearctic regions as vernalis and characterises it as being smaller, paler and often with narrower marginal 
band which is traversed by yellow veins. These are the same characteristics with which Failla described his 
minor. This name must be retained for the spring form and synonymous with it are mediterranea Std. and 
tergestina Std., whilst $-ab. ridicula Alph. has the same pale colour as helice and is only half its size and may 
therefore be separated. A $ of the spring form from South France which Verity illustrated (on plate 46, Fig. 35 
Rhop. Pal.) but did not honour with a separate name, has been christened hyerensis by Strand. It is of 
brilliant orange colour with more extensive pale markings. — ab. lacrimans Std. is a minor form with very 
lustrous median spot of the hindwings, on the underside it is extended lacriform and glistens like mother-of-pearl. 
-- Dwarf forms with normal markings bear the name of minor Vrty. — In Liguria more rarely a 3rd generation 
occurs from the end of October to November, which is exceptional, it is similar to the spring generation and 
has been named autumnalis Rocci. In freshly emerged specimens one often observes a bluish or violet lustre 
which disappears more or less rapidly. It has given an opportunity to name such specimens. The oldest name 
is purpurascens Cock. (= iridescens Costantini, micans Fritsch, micans Konas, rutilans Manon). — ab. flammea 
Kilt has brighter, more fiery orange ground colour of the forewings. — crassesignata Kitt also has lively orange 
coloured forewings. The marginal band is especially deep black with lively contrasting light spots. The median 
spot of the fore wings is large and striking on account of its contrasting bright colouration. — ab. helena H- 
Schaejf. is a q with deep orange yellow ground colour and very narrow black margin. The apex of the forewings 
is traversed by yellow veins. — ab. flavida Ksienschopolski has flame coloured ground colour of the wings. - 
$-ab. suffusa Tutt has the base of the wings very diffusedly dusted with orange coloured ground colour. -— melanitica 
Vrty. is a dusky melanic aberration. The black marking covers nearly the whole forewing, only the disc and the 
region of the inner margin still retain the orange yellow colour. — aegra Vrty. has the underside of the forewings 
adumbrated with smoky grey and spotted. — ab. dawsoni Krueger has three deep black fan-shaped streaks 
on the forewings which stretch from the base almost to the discoidal nervure of the middle cell, being sharply 
separated from one another and rounded off at the end. — In ab. nigrofasciafa Vrty. (= nigrofasciata Maurer, 
nigrofasciata Manon) a wide black stripe stretches from the median spot of the forewings to the marginal 
band. — cremonae Vrty. forms a transition to the paler colour varieties, the ground colour is yellow, somewhat 
like palaeno-europomene, but with a slightly greenish tinge, especially on the hindwings. — ab. schirberi Oberth. 
is an albinotic $ of golden yellow ground colour. The otherwise black marginal band is silvery grey with 
delicate yellow spots. The discoidal spot of the forewings is striking. The underside is not so pale, but still it 
is very pale yellow with an inclination to green. — <$-a b. cinerascens Rowland-Brown also inclines to albinism. 
The black markings are bleached to a delicate grey. — ab. passa Vrty. has a very pale ground colour and the 
marginal band pale reddish brown. — ab. albissima Ragusa is a quite pale yellow white $ with a white, not 
orange coloured median spot on the hindwings; it might be identical with helicina. Manon named pale lemon 
yellow specimens as pallida and these can scarcely be differentiated from the former variety. The same applies 
to ab. subpallida Manon (= oberthueri Pionn., henriettae Pionn.). All these denominations merely refer to 
colour shades, which can scarcely be differentiated in descriptions and they show most clearly to what this 
mania for denominations leads. We have mentioned these forms solely for reasons of completeness and trust 
they may be taken as a warning example of how denominating should n o t be done. — The ab. adoratrix Std. 
with wide black marginal band having no spots on the forewings belongs to helice with which in other respects 
it tallies. — nigra Aigner appears like adoratrix, but it has adumbrated hindwings. — pallida Tutt is an extreme 
white form without trace of yellow or cream with a slight bluish, but not greenish tone. — (J-ab. chrysotheme- 
formis Vrty. of the 1st generation looks like chrysotheme Esp. but with a bunch of androconia. — (J-ab. 
