COLIAS. By Chr. Borrow. 
117 
shade as hyale: caltha are buttercup yellow GG and deep buttercup yellow 2?- leucochorion are red which 
have one or two white spots in the middle spot of the hindwings. rosea are GG with rose red uppersides and 
a silvery blue hue to the wings. —Light greenish $$ are called diloris : ivory yellow $$ are daphnis: isabellina 
are $2 which are bay coloured. The creamy yellow covers the whole surface of the wings and forms a good 
contrast to the quite pale and greenish yellow spots of the marginal band of the forewings and to the border 
of the hindwings. The middle spot of the hindwings is also bay coloured. In the forewings there is a tinge 
of rose in the ground colour. — vucijabara is a quite extreme rebeli form, quite pale with yellowish white 
median spot of the hindwings and similar fringes and antennae, aphrodyte is a white 2 with reddish tone on 
all 4 wings, semialba Wagner is a white 2 with orange coloured streak on the hindwings. — nigrocuneafa 
incline to adumbration, they are red and white 29 with intensive black markings. The inner margin of the 
marginal band has black cuneiform marks extending to the median spot of the forewings, scotina are 29 
with particularly dark hindwings. — nigrovittata Rbl. is a 2-form with elongated wing contour and of normal 
orange colouration. A black streak stretches from the base of the forewings over the black median spot to 
the marginal border, which is without yellow spots. - Variations of the markings are: — ^-ab. immaculata 
without any black spots, only the close of the cliscoidal cell is rather more black than the other veins. — 
magnomaculata has very large black spots at the close of the discoidal cell on the forewings in both sexes. 
— stefania are red 29 - Orange red and bright yellow are predominant on the forewings. The black marginal 
band is also unusually brightly decorated with light marginal spots. Hindwings almost without black and 
the margin is almost completely filled with the large light yellow spots. — pseudobalcanica Klos and pseudo- 
rebeli Klos are specimens which are identically similar to balcanica and rebeli but which are not caught in the 
same locality. — To subsp. ermalc Gr.-Grsh. belong: $-ab. irinae Krul. with pale ochre yellow wings and $- 
ab. sophiae Krul. with white ground colour to all wings. — The form stellata Krul. has the middle spot of the 
hindwings with rose centre on the upperside. — Dwarf forms are: myrmidonides Ksienschopolski and nana 
Mayer. The latter of only 38 mm expanse, very pale colouring and narrow marginal band. — Socalled 
gynandrous forms occur frequently in which are mixed the colours and markings of both sexes. 
leucocho¬ 
rion. 
rosea. 
chloris. 
daphnis. 
isabellina. 
vucijabara. 
aphrodyte. 
semialba. 
nigrocunea- 
ia. 
scotina. 
nigrovitta- 
ta. 
immacula¬ 
ta. 
magnoma- 
culala. 
stefania. 
pseudobal¬ 
canica. 
pseudore- 
beli. 
irinae. 
sophiae. 
stellata. 
myrmidoni¬ 
des. 
nana. 
C. aurora Esp. (Vol. 1, plate 27 b). ab. lambda Hard, from the neighbourhood of Tjutiche Bay, South 
Ussuri is of paler ground colouration than the name type form. The discoidal spot of the forewings has the 
shape of a capital L. — $-ab. crocopepla Warnecke has forewings of uniform orange yellow up to the black 
marginal band, the colour is brightest in the centre. Also the middle area of the hindwings shows the same 
colour quite extensively: Amur. — $-ab. theia Warnecke also from the Amur is iridescent deep orange uniformly 
up to the marginal band. Submarginal spots on both wings deep yellow' almost ochre colour. — ab. philippsi 
Niepelt is a G from Manclchuria, which has the upperside of the forewings a dull brickred, hindwings lilacgrey with 
a prominent bloodred middle spot and similar marginal lunules before the black margin. — obsura Moltrecht 
is a very dusky 2 from the Zudzuche river with heavy black scaling of the hindwings and the base of the 
forewings, which appear quite dark. The black outer margin is somewhat expanded posteriorly. — Stat'd er 
describes 3 new varieties without giving particulars of origin: $-ab. ochreopicta Std. of dull ochre ground colour. 
Base of forewings and the whole hindwings adumbrated on the upperside, as in chloe: ab. stenotaenia is a $ 
with very narrow marginal bands, especially on the hindwings where only a thick black line is left and in¬ 
form pupillata Std. with pupilled discoidal spot on the upperside: a faint indication of this sometimes occurs 
in the GG- — Varieties similar to chloe from the Amur territory but with a slight tinge of ochreyellow in the 
disc of the forewings of greater or lesser extension are called rhododadyla Warnecke. — obscurissima Vrty. is 
also a chloe form, smaller than normal specimens but with enlarged black markings. In appearance it resembles 
certain specimens of diva Gr.-Grsh. (Vol. 1 , plate 27 b) Altai. - alpina Vrty. is a separate race from Ongodai 
in the Altai Mountains from an altitude of 900—1500 m. It is smaller than the name type form and the 
ground colour is a brighter orange. Discoidal spot of forewings is larger and marginal bands less sharply 
outlined. Underside of hindwing is powdered with green scales. — subsp. vespera 0. B.-H. conies between 
aurora and diva. It is from the mountains near Lanchow in Kansu. Colouration as in diva, a darkly dusted 
red orange. The 2 is interesting: its ground colour is pale green, only the middle of the forewings there is an 
admixture of orange. Marginal spots are greenish: base and marginal band widely black. Hindwings black 
with wide green marginal spots and with orange coloured double middle spot. 
aurora. 
lambda. 
crocopepla. 
tlieia. 
philippsi. 
obsura. 
ochreopicta. 
stenotaenia. 
pupillata. 
rhododacty- 
la. 
obscurissi¬ 
ma. 
alpina. 
vespera. 
C. diva Gr.-Grsh. (Vol. 1, plate 27 b). The decision whether diva is only a subspecies of aurora and should diva. 
be linked to that species must be left in abeyance until the genital parts have been examined which has not yet 
been done. It seems to take the place of aurora in N. W. China. The GG are rarer than the 29 being small 
and brick-red. The variability of the $2 is very great and can scarcely be surpassed. Verity establishes the 
following colour variations, which however by no means exhaust possibilities: $ alba Vrty. with pure w'hite alba. 
ground colour: 2 aurantiaca Vrty. with golden yellow colour, 2 flava Vrty. bright yellow: 2 rubra with red aurantiaca. 
ground colour. $ viridis Vrty. with greenish yellow uppersides and 2 nigra Vity. in which the whole upperside 
of the wings is uniform grey black, only a few light streaks occuring in the disc of the forewing and the v [ r [ c ii s , 
marginal spots are bright yellow. nigra. 
