134 
EREBIA. By H. Frhr. v. d. Goltz. 
wings) than in those from the Vosges. The latter incline more to variations along the lines of cassiope. They 
fly on the peaks of the Vosges only at an altitude of 1000 m and more, as also does the name-form and sudetica 
does not fly at a very considerably lower altitude. This is a clear indication that epiphron was originally a pure 
high mountain insect. Somewhat poorer in regard to the development of the bands and the eyespots are forms 
from the Central Pyrenees in the west and from the Carpathians, the transylvanian Alps and the Karawankan 
Mountains in the east. The Spanish form is not yet denominated. It is very variable, especially richly decorated 
specimens correspond with the illustration of pyrenaica of the East Pyrenees, Vol. 1, plate 36 a, as a rule the 
band is less well developed, the eyespots less numerous and considerably smaller, occasionally one finds in fact 
the completely black ab. nelamus Bsd. Much the same applies to the forms from the more eastern mountains, 
which show all transitions from nelamus to specimens with wider, rust-red bands. The latter which fly preferabR 
transsyl- in the transylvanian Alps have been named by Rebel transsylvanica. In strong contract to the latter we 
vamca } )ave the peculiar form from the bulgarian Balkans, which Elwes found at Ivloster Rilo at an altitude of 
orientalis. 21 — 2500 m and has named orientalis (9 a). As the illustration shows it has sharply pointed forewings, the 
marginal band dissolved into spots and generally only 2 red-ringed apical eyespots on the forewings. It belongs 
already to the group of less decorated forms of the Alps and Apennines. — Besides cassiope F. (Vol. 1, plate 36 a) 
the following have been named from the Alps amisus Fruhst., cydamns Fruhst. and privata Trti., and from the 
Apennines effusa Trti. and amplevittata Vrty. Fruhstorfer denominates as amisus a race found in the bavarian 
Algau “with narrower, more pointed fore wings, considerably reduced redbrown area on the fore wings and with 
indistinct black spots”. The specimens from Algau, however, do not differ in any way from typical cassiope 
cydamus. from other parts of the Alps. cydamus Fruhst. from the Maritime Alps has in the a relatively narrow band 
constricted in the middle on the underside of the forewings and distinct black eyespots on the underside of 
privata. the hindwings and the name is justifiable. privata Trti. <£• Vrty. is an allied variety with small ocelli on the 
auipleviita- forewings and uniform black brown hindwings. - amplevittata Vrty. from the Apennines of Tuscany, in contrast 
(a - to the unnamed dark form from Monti Sibillini, is distinguished by its wide, conjoined, sharply outlined rust- 
red band in which are placed small but distinct ocelli; it connects up therefore with the richly banded northern 
effusa. and western forms previously mentioned. — effusa Trti. from the Lake of Salarno has a wide band diffusing 
into the discoidal cell of the fore wings on the upperside, the underside of the fore wings is suffused over its whole 
surface with rust-red. - Specimens from Tyrol (Oetztal and the Ortler district) belong to the forms that have 
no bands, but only fuscous spots, which are often almost extinct, sometimes being merely indicated by a red 
sheen round the more and more reduced ocelli. This sheen can sometimes even be entirely absent. In specimens 
from Carinthia the two apical eyes of the forewings are large and well defined, whilst the other eyespots of the 
fore and hindwings are mostly cpiite absent. Here the manufacturers of names still have a rich field for their 
activities. It remains to be stated that the quite black nelamus occurs both as a local race (for instance in the 
Rofan Mountains in the Tyrol) as well as an aberration among other specimens. — On the other hand it 
seems to me that valesina is not a local race from the Valais, but a form of cassiope which occurs in single 
exannula- specimens almost everywhere. The following aberrations have still been described exannulata Osth. a $ from 
ia - Bavaria in which there are no black rings around the white pupils, which in itself is already a rare form of 
intermedia, cassiope. — ab. intermedia Schwing. from the Engadin is a specimen which has a clear band on the underside 
of the hindwings similar to flavofasciata, which however is not yellow but reddish and studded with small black 
caeca, dots (hybrid?). — Ab. caeca Vorbr. is an aberration from Switzerland without eyespots in the bands either on 
albinescens. the upper or underside. — albinescetis Oberth. from the Pyrenees are specimens with very pale, sometimes whitish 
colouration of the bands. 
melampus. E. melampus Fuessl. Besides flying in the habitats indicated by Eiffinger, is found in the Swiss Jura, 
but not as erroneously presumed in the Vosges. The following new forms have been established: — by Frtth- 
tigranes. STORFER from the Mont Blanc region tigranes (“striking wide fuscous transverse bands intersected by very 
augurinus. prominent black veins”), augurinus from the Simplon and Champery (“larger, very bright, considerably enlarged 
momos. fuscous bands traversed by fine black veins”), memos from the South Tyrol (“small, ground colour inclining 
to mouse grey, bands reduced, ocelli reduced to extinction”), transitions to the latter form are found flying 
concurrently with the name-form also elsewhere, for instance in the Albula Pass. A counterpart thereto is 
radnaen-sis. the strikingly large radnaensis Rbl. (9), which is as large as pharte and is found in the Radna Mountains in 
Transylvania. It is similar to sudetica Stgr. in colouration, extension of the bands and ocelli, but the wing 
randae. contour is more extended. — Single specimen aberrations have been named: randae Vorbr. (rf with 4 white 
impunctata. spots on the forewings) from Randa in the Valais; impunctata Oberthuer (= caesa Gramann) (bands on upper 
reducta. and undersides without eyespots) reducta Gram, (bands considerably reduced on forewings and hindwings, 
ziegleri. “the whole inner area of the forewings bright fuscous” on the underside), ziegleri Gram, (“the red brown colour 
on the upper and undersides of all wings reduced to small, mostly quite circular spots rarely having black 
centres”). The latter 3 forms come from the Aversser Valley in the Grisons, but may also be found elsewhere, 
kodermanni. which can also be said of kodermamii Floss & Hoffm. from Styria which has no black ocelli in the bands of- 
the fore wings. 
Icefersteini. E. kefersteini Elw. is described in the original description and as shown by the illustrations that 
accompanied same, as being very variable both in regard to the extensiveness of the fuscous and to the number 
